WEBVTT Kind: captions; language: en-us NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 88% (H?Y) 00:00:00.000 --> 00:00:13.200 Dear students, welcome to our last encounter. Today we are going to end the module of qualitative 00:00:13.200 --> 00:00:23.600 research by discussing the way in which we will transcribe and present and write the data analysis 00:00:23.600 --> 00:00:29.800 part of our work, thesis, article or publication. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 82% (H?Y) 00:00:29.800 --> 00:00:43.300 Let me start by telling you what you will find of canvas. I kindly ask you to 00:00:43.300 --> 00:00:49.800 to read the article, the graphic transcript, and then you will also find an optional 00:00:49.800 --> 00:00:59.900 reading which is the handbook, the rules for transcribing conversation and interview, NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 00:00:59.900 --> 00:01:04.900 according to the rules of conversational analysis. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 00:01:05.000 --> 00:01:20.250 Now we are touching a very important topic. We will talk today about the transcription of our data. 00:01:20.250 --> 00:01:31.900 You would probably have recorded or video recorded your interview with participants, or you may 00:01:31.900 --> 00:01:36.500 have, for instance, recorded a NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 90% (H?Y) 00:01:36.500 --> 00:01:44.800 TV show, if you are analyzing some kind of video documents. Now, what you need to do before starting 00:01:44.800 --> 00:01:53.100 your data analysis, is to transcrib, the verbal accounts in a form that can be analyzed for 00:01:53.100 --> 00:02:01.650 instance, through software's, or, and manually can be shared and can be published on paper. 00:02:01.650 --> 00:02:05.699 So the transcription, of especially verbal interaction, is NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 00:02:05.699 --> 00:02:14.900 the very first important act of analysis. It's not just transcription, but it's already a 00:02:14.900 --> 00:02:23.500 methodological, and analytical choice. Of course, we can choose different strategies of 00:02:23.500 --> 00:02:30.400 transcription depending on our theoretical approach, depending on our research question and 00:02:30.400 --> 00:02:34.900 depending on the way we are going to analyze the data. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 90% (H?Y) 00:02:36.000 --> 00:02:44.600 Unfortunately, that's also the the hard side of doing qualitative research. When you collect data 00:02:44.600 --> 00:02:54.900 through qualitative method. You may gather a very rich material, because of course you often have 00:02:54.900 --> 00:03:04.000 multimodal kind of data, but also because you can very easily collect large amounts for instance of 00:03:04.000 --> 00:03:04.400 discorses NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 70% (MEDIUM) 00:03:04.400 --> 00:03:13.500 and interviews. So it is very important that you make some choices before starting the 00:03:13.500 --> 00:03:24.000 transcription of your data, because this will be time-consuming. Will be a very hard work. Of 00:03:24.000 --> 00:03:31.300 course, there are different perspectives on transcription and I just give you two additional 00:03:31.300 --> 00:03:34.350 references if you may want to have NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 75% (MEDIUM) 00:03:34.350 --> 00:03:48.500 a different look. So, what is transcription? Basically, transcription is not only the writing of the 00:03:48.500 --> 00:04:04.450 words that our participant told us, but is also an action in which we translate the NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 82% (H?Y) 00:04:04.450 --> 00:04:11.100 the verbal, for instance, real account of our participant in a form that can be shared with other 00:04:11.100 --> 00:04:17.899 people that are not present at the interview and that can be analyzed by people that are 00:04:17.899 --> 00:04:31.500 different from the interviewer. In order to provide the information about the real person discorse 00:04:31.500 --> 00:04:34.850 We need, of course, not only to give the word. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 86% (H?Y) 00:04:34.850 --> 00:04:43.549 Just when we speak our the meaning of what we are saying depends also on the way we say it. 00:04:43.549 --> 00:04:53.500 The poses, the emphasis that we give, when we stress some word, when we do some particular gesture or 00:04:53.500 --> 00:05:01.000 where we look in a particular way the other person. So, all this information should be somehow 00:05:01.000 --> 00:05:04.600 reported in the transcription, because NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 00:05:04.600 --> 00:05:14.549 we need the other people to know even if they were not present. Here you can find the most common 00:05:14.549 --> 00:05:27.100 standard so far has been the Jeffersonian transcription system. Here you find a very 00:05:27.100 --> 00:05:33.850 simplified example of the system. So for instance, I can use some arrows NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 68% (MEDIUM) 00:05:33.850 --> 00:05:44.300 to show, for instance that the pitch of my speech was going upward or downward. That I was 00:05:44.300 --> 00:05:53.200 speaking with faster, or I was speaking slower or that I was stressing some word or for instance, 00:05:53.200 --> 00:06:00.800 that my speech was overlapping with the speech of the other person or that I was making a pose of a 00:06:00.800 --> 00:06:04.150 certain duration. So all these small notation NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 80% (H?Y) 00:06:04.150 --> 00:06:13.100 help us to read, to understand, how the person was really speaking even if we were not present. 00:06:13.100 --> 00:06:21.700 Here you can find a very short example of how we use these rules. So you see each line of the 00:06:21.700 --> 00:06:29.000 transcription is a number, has a number. So we can easily point to the transcription, and you can 00:06:29.000 --> 00:06:33.950 easily do this by using the Office Word NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 70% (MEDIUM) 00:06:33.950 --> 00:06:42.500 function off line numbers. You don't have to do it yourself manually. So you see in this transcription of 00:06:42.500 --> 00:06:50.900 a dialogue there are a lot of signs in between. So the signs in brackets (.) show that there was a 00:06:50.900 --> 00:07:00.300 pause in the speech and the arrows say that there was some change in the pitch, some stressing when 00:07:00.300 --> 00:07:04.250 you see underlining. So I will read for you this example. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 84% (H?Y) 00:07:04.250 --> 00:07:14.549 to show you how I can understand the way it was spoken by the participants. Bria. Okay. So 00:07:14.549 --> 00:07:21.200 what do you think on a scale of 1 of 10 is the whole grace situation for you at the summer school 00:07:21.200 --> 00:07:31.300 right now. Devon. Well, like with one being handling it good or handling bed. Uh. Let's make one 00:07:31.300 --> 00:07:34.150 handling it bad than handling it NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 82% (H?Y) 00:07:34.150 --> 00:07:37.700 excellently. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 88% (H?Y) 00:07:37.700 --> 00:07:46.700 Well, then it's probably somewhere between two and four. Yeah, that's was the kind of my impression 00:07:46.700 --> 00:07:55.700 in fact I'm not. Somewhere between two and four and half probably. So you see how I can get the 00:07:55.700 --> 00:08:05.550 moment in which people, for instance, where prolonging the sound to connect with the following 00:08:05.550 --> 00:08:08.000 utterance from the other person. So you NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 84% (H?Y) 00:08:08.000 --> 00:08:13.800 see that I can have also a lot of information about the porosity for instance. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 87% (H?Y) 00:08:13.800 --> 00:08:21.300 But there are of course, other kind of transcriptions because here in the previous example, 00:08:21.300 --> 00:08:31.500 we were performing an analysis that was based only on what people said and some part of the 00:08:31.500 --> 00:08:39.100 verbal information. So for instance when people make a pause probably they're thinking. So we 00:08:39.100 --> 00:08:43.900 can get this information, but we may have a different NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 89% (H?Y) 00:08:43.900 --> 00:08:52.150 approach to analysis. Where, for instance, we need to know, we need to analyze what people say, 00:08:52.150 --> 00:08:59.349 while they were are doing something. While they're performing some action. Here 00:08:59.349 --> 00:09:10.500 you see there is a transcription, which is telling us what the men operating the system is 00:09:10.500 --> 00:09:14.400 saying or is exchanging some NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 78% (H?Y) 00:09:14.400 --> 00:09:23.600 information with another person while he is in front of this screen or of this 00:09:23.600 --> 00:09:30.599 desk, technology desk. So we can see that, for instance, he's looking in different directions while 00:09:30.599 --> 00:09:38.800 talking with the person. So we can see that he is referring to some object in the space so we can 00:09:38.800 --> 00:09:42.849 get this information. And here we have another NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 89% (H?Y) 00:09:42.849 --> 00:09:50.100 example of transcript. So here for instance, the information that you need in our analysis is where 00:09:50.100 --> 00:09:59.600 people are. when they see something. iIn which moment they say something. Here there is a study 00:09:59.600 --> 00:10:11.400 about people cycling and they are speaking while cycling. So how we can convey this 00:10:11.400 --> 00:10:13.050 information. So the NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 80% (H?Y) 00:10:13.050 --> 00:10:22.700 researcher here, choose to make this kind of comic or graphic transcription. So we can see how 00:10:22.700 --> 00:10:28.700 the people are, a and p they are speaking, they're having a dialogue and you see the 00:10:28.700 --> 00:10:35.400 position of each of the two while they're speaking, and the position along the road. So 00:10:35.400 --> 00:10:41.000 you can see that there are different way of transcribing depending on the different research 00:10:41.000 --> 00:10:42.950 question and the different approaches we are NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 89% (H?Y) 00:10:42.950 --> 00:10:49.300 using. But also you can see that transcription is already a form of analysis, because we are already 00:10:49.300 --> 00:10:59.700 providing some interpretation and selection of the elements that are in the data. Now, I just give 00:10:59.700 --> 00:11:08.600 you some suggestions about how to concretely make a transcription step by step. Okay, let's imagine 00:11:08.600 --> 00:11:12.950 that you had an interview and you have the video or NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 90% (H?Y) 00:11:12.950 --> 00:11:21.500 own recording of this interview. So the first thing you have to do is to familiarize with your 00:11:21.500 --> 00:11:31.300 data, because if you are the person that did the interview you were probably listening 00:11:31.300 --> 00:11:39.500 actively. You remember the active listing approach. So you are focused on the person, because you 00:11:39.500 --> 00:11:42.950 had the recording. So, you know that you can focus on the NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 76% (H?Y) 00:11:42.950 --> 00:11:50.300 interaction with the person while your device is recording. So now you go back to your recording and 00:11:50.300 --> 00:11:58.000 you listen or watch a few times the whole recording. You have to become familiar with it. And you are 00:11:58.000 --> 00:12:04.900 taking notes of, already take notes of what you think maybe relevant. Some for instance special 00:12:04.900 --> 00:12:11.000 moment in which there was a silence or a special moment in which the participants were was showing 00:12:11.000 --> 00:12:12.900 some NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 80% (H?Y) 00:12:12.900 --> 00:12:21.700 strong emotion to start watching and take notes. Then, of course, you may not want to 00:12:21.700 --> 00:12:30.900 transcribe everything because sometimes the qualitative data can be hours of interviews and it 00:12:30.900 --> 00:12:38.800 it can take months to transcribe all the data. So you can start making some selection of the 00:12:38.800 --> 00:12:42.950 piece of data that are more relevant for your research. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 82% (H?Y) 00:12:42.950 --> 00:12:48.900 And you can start transcribing those pieces, and then you will transcribe other pieces if you need 00:12:48.900 --> 00:12:56.700 them. So, once you have selected, let's say few minutes of an interview, then you start a first raw 00:12:56.700 --> 00:13:04.100 transcription. So what you first focus is the words. Sometimes it happens that some words 00:13:04.100 --> 00:13:13.150 are unclear. So in this very first raw transcription, you write down what you easily understand. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 79% (H?Y) 00:13:13.150 --> 00:13:19.900 And leave some blank spaces if there are words that you don't understand and you do this repeat 00:13:19.900 --> 00:13:29.100 the step three for two or three times until you are satisfied with the transcription. Until you 00:13:29.100 --> 00:13:37.300 you think you really got all the possible words that can be there. Or maybe 00:13:37.300 --> 00:13:42.950 you had some ambiguous word, that you're not really sure what they NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 84% (H?Y) 00:13:42.950 --> 00:13:49.500 say, so you listen two or three times until you are completely satisfied. Then you start the 00:13:49.500 --> 00:13:57.400 second round of transcription. I mean so far you focused on the word. Now you focus on the non-verbal 00:13:57.400 --> 00:14:04.100 or the para-verbal. So for instance, you start adding all the notations like in the 00:14:04.100 --> 00:14:12.600 Jeffersonian system. So pauses, the change of tones, the overlapping between NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 00:14:12.600 --> 00:14:19.300 the two people interacting. And again, you repeat step 5 as many times as you are 00:14:19.300 --> 00:14:22.200 satisfied with the transcription. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 00:14:22.300 --> 00:14:33.800 Then you pass to the to the non-verbal, in case for instance you have a video recording. You may be 00:14:33.800 --> 00:14:41.600 interested also in gestures or gazes. So you repeat the same process of listening or 00:14:41.600 --> 00:14:49.150 watching over and over again until you are satisfied with transcription. Finally, when you have this 00:14:49.150 --> 00:14:52.000 transcription, full transcription, you can add NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 90% (H?Y) 00:14:52.000 --> 00:14:59.500 your observation. Because on the field you may have done some notes, you may remember from the 00:14:59.500 --> 00:15:07.100 interview some specific information that can be added as comment to the transcription. So this is 00:15:07.100 --> 00:15:15.100 the step by step process. Now we touch the last point. Once we have transcribed our 00:15:15.100 --> 00:15:21.450 data, once we have analyzed our data with the strategies. Like we discuss in the previous lecture. 00:15:21.450 --> 00:15:22.000 Now is NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 81% (H?Y) 00:15:22.000 --> 00:15:29.200 it's time to present our data. So we are now in the phase of writing our data analysis chapter or 00:15:29.200 --> 00:15:39.450 our data analysis section in an article. I will give you here some hints, some 00:15:39.450 --> 00:15:47.800 tips about the process of writing. So first of all, the very important thing you have to decide 00:15:47.800 --> 00:15:52.000 what is your message. As we say it, the NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 00:15:52.000 --> 00:15:58.800 data analysis is the way we improve knowledge by looking at the empirical data through the lenses of 00:15:58.800 --> 00:16:07.600 our theories. So we are analyzing data to learn something. The structure of data presentation is 00:16:07.600 --> 00:16:16.800 always the same. So you start by introducing and summarizing the content of your data analysis 00:16:16.800 --> 00:16:21.950 chapter, and then you start presenting your analysis. Which always has NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 00:16:21.950 --> 00:16:31.550 to be structure in the following way. The data analysis is functional to illustrate or to 00:16:31.550 --> 00:16:37.500 justify your theoretical argument. So you start with your theoretical argument. Then you present 00:16:37.500 --> 00:16:45.400 your data and then you close with commenting about your theoretical article. Sorry your data 00:16:45.400 --> 00:16:52.600 analysis. Then at the end of the data analysis section you summarize what we have NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 00:16:53.000 --> 00:17:03.700 learned from your analysis. And of course if it's a chapter of your master thesis, you connect the 00:17:03.700 --> 00:17:10.300 introduction, and the end with the previous and following chapters. If it's an article, scientific 00:17:10.300 --> 00:17:16.800 article, you do the same. But the idea is always that your data analysis is somehow in the flow and 00:17:16.800 --> 00:17:20.099 consistent with the rest of the discourse. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 84% (H?Y) 00:17:20.300 --> 00:17:40.300 Now, just to elaborate a little bit. So here is an example of how you structure your data 00:17:40.300 --> 00:17:47.700 analysis presentation, according to the structure I gave you before. So you start by, you 00:17:47.700 --> 00:17:50.650 open the chapter or the section with the theoretical NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 81% (H?Y) 00:17:50.650 --> 00:17:57.200 argument cites theory. So you start, again you take back the theory that you have discussed 00:17:57.200 --> 00:18:08.600 previously and you briefly summarize your theoretical argument. Then you present your data analysis. 00:18:08.600 --> 00:18:19.600 So you use the theory to analyze your data and then you have to present the conclusion of 00:18:19.600 --> 00:18:20.800 your of NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 90% (H?Y) 00:18:20.800 --> 00:18:29.400 analysis. So what you have learned from the analysis. This is the general structure of the data 00:18:29.400 --> 00:18:38.350 analysis writing. Again, this applies both to quantitative and qualitative kind of analysis. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 72% (MEDIUM) 00:18:38.350 --> 00:18:42.700 An example of NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 86% (H?Y) 00:18:43.500 --> 00:18:59.000 So you see that we somehow are discussing the way you can convince or justify your ideas through 00:18:59.000 --> 00:19:09.800 your empirical data. And this way of writing the result of your analysis, that's very 00:19:09.800 --> 00:19:14.050 important, applies to any kind of work you want to do. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 82% (H?Y) 00:19:14.050 --> 00:19:21.600 Doesn't matter if it's quantitative, qualitative or theoretical or mixed methods. So the structure 00:19:21.600 --> 00:19:28.500 of theoretical argument, data analysis and justification of the theoretical argument is always the 00:19:28.500 --> 00:19:34.600 same. What changes is the kind of data and the way of presenting the data that you have. For 00:19:34.600 --> 00:19:40.600 instance, in quantitative work the kind of data that you may have analyzed, the analysis of your 00:19:40.600 --> 00:19:44.150 data can be done, of course, mainly in figures NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 82% (H?Y) 00:19:44.150 --> 00:19:52.700 and tables. If you have a qualitative kind of analysis, you probably will use tables. Like, for 00:19:52.700 --> 00:20:03.450 instance, if you show your coding your categories, or usually you show excerpts. It means short 00:20:03.450 --> 00:20:10.900 sentences from the interviews to justify your analysis. If you are doing instead of theoretical 00:20:10.900 --> 00:20:14.199 analysis, like a review literature, you can use NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 84% (H?Y) 00:20:14.199 --> 00:20:24.800 as your data, you represent your data in the form of the arguments, like the articles by Brown (1975) 00:20:25.800 --> 00:20:34.100 write this, this and this citations or you can have a mixed method study in this 00:20:34.100 --> 00:20:40.300 case you will have a combination of this kind of data presentation. But the principle to follow is 00:20:40.300 --> 00:20:44.100 always the same. Every time you say something NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 69% (MEDIUM) 00:20:44.100 --> 00:20:51.600 in a scientific writing, in academic writing, every statement, every claim that you made, must always 00:20:51.600 --> 00:21:00.500 be justified and you can justify it in two ways. You can justify to literature. So your 00:21:00.500 --> 00:21:12.700 claim is supported by the literature or is supported by your data analysis. So this is at the level 00:21:12.700 --> 00:21:14.100 of structure. Now, NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 87% (H?Y) 00:21:14.100 --> 00:21:22.600 we see how practically you can present every claim or every statement you make into the data analysis 00:21:22.600 --> 00:21:29.300 and I will present you different examples. Examples of a quantitative data presentation, qualitative 00:21:29.300 --> 00:21:32.100 and theoretical data presentation. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 90% (H?Y) 00:21:32.300 --> 00:21:39.700 Here an example of how you write a quantitative study. Actually, these are examples from real 00:21:39.700 --> 00:21:47.500 articles. So published articles. So you see in a quantitative study you first present your 00:21:47.500 --> 00:21:59.199 statement. In this case within classroom levels for reading 00:21:59.199 --> 00:22:03.350 and math skills are significantly different, NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 89% (H?Y) 00:22:03.350 --> 00:22:09.500 between classroom. This is the statement that you are making, the claim thar you're making. 00:22:09.500 --> 00:22:21.100 How you justify this claim? By the data. So you present, in this case, the percentages and the 00:22:21.100 --> 00:22:33.050 significance test. The level of significant test in the data and then you comment the data. So how NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 83% (H?Y) 00:22:33.050 --> 00:22:41.800 these results are actually justifying your initial claim. So that's a case of quantitative 00:22:41.800 --> 00:22:53.100 study. Let's move to a qualitative study, is exactly the same. You have a claim, an initial claim, so 00:22:53.100 --> 00:23:01.100 that the multidisciplinarity and multi-professionality are embedded in teachers meeting. 00:23:01.100 --> 00:23:02.449 Here, NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 87% (H?Y) 00:23:02.449 --> 00:23:11.900 you have the data analysis, in this case the data analysis is the data that you present to justify 00:23:11.900 --> 00:23:20.000 your statement are short quotes from the interviews. I didn't report it here, but you can see after 00:23:20.000 --> 00:23:28.350 answer one and nine. So it means that I have reported word of the mother in this case. 00:23:28.350 --> 00:23:32.950 And then you comment on the data. So what is the meaning of this NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 83% (H?Y) 00:23:32.950 --> 00:23:40.600 these results of the example you present for to justify your initial claim. And finally, you do 00:23:40.600 --> 00:23:46.400 exactly the same in a theoretical study. So in a theoretical study, you present your 00:23:46.400 --> 00:23:54.100 statement. In this case, the data that you use to justify your claim, are other articles, other 00:23:54.100 --> 00:24:00.700 literature, because it's a theoretical article and then you comment the data and you justify your 00:24:00.700 --> 00:24:03.000 statement or your conclusion. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 80% (H?Y) 00:24:03.000 --> 00:24:08.400 In this case Caravaggio' seemed to paint from live models, but the solution 00:24:08.400 --> 00:24:15.800 that painter was adopted was completely different. So 00:24:15.800 --> 00:24:22.200 justification of the theory I can make a final claim. So the structure of presenting your data 00:24:22.200 --> 00:24:28.600 analysis is always the same and your data analysis chapter will be a sequence of this 00:24:28.600 --> 00:24:32.950 ternary structure for each of the NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 82% (H?Y) 00:24:32.950 --> 00:24:44.200 claim, each of the points, that you want to make. Finally. Now. Let's go back to our reading, just give 00:24:44.200 --> 00:24:53.100 you some orientations about how to read today pensum. So the article about the graphic transcript is 00:24:53.100 --> 00:25:02.949 presenting the very different ways in which you can describe your data. This is NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 79% (H?Y) 00:25:02.949 --> 00:25:10.300 important because the transcription process and specially when you are writing an academic article 00:25:10.300 --> 00:25:19.600 or a thesis is not only about an analysis, is about making your analysis visible to another person and 00:25:19.600 --> 00:25:26.900 making another person understand your analysis and agree with your analysis. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 00:25:27.000 --> 00:25:33.300 So what are the key concepts of this article? The first one is the article stresses the importance 00:25:33.300 --> 00:25:40.700 of multimodal communication. As we said verbal communication and verbal transcripts are only a 00:25:40.700 --> 00:25:47.200 small part of the phenomena we observe and qualitative research is very helpful because can 00:25:47.200 --> 00:25:53.900 give you the whole of the communication interaction situation. The second point, very important 00:25:53.900 --> 00:25:57.100 point. Is that all phenomena take place NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 86% (H?Y) 00:25:57.100 --> 00:26:08.900 in a space-time. So the same sentence by participants can have a completely different meaning 00:26:08.900 --> 00:26:17.000 if it's uttered in a specific space-time situation. So we must also be able to make 00:26:17.000 --> 00:26:19.699 visible the space-time dimension. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 70% (MEDIUM) 00:26:19.699 --> 00:26:27.000 Another problem, which is related to the transcription and in which some creativity 00:26:27.000 --> 00:26:32.700 is important, is the ethics and privacy. So for instance, when we work with children, we cannot show 00:26:32.700 --> 00:26:40.300 the faces of children. So, how we can, for instance, in my analysis is very important the kind of 00:26:40.300 --> 00:26:48.000 gesture that the child is making while speaking. Okay, so how I can show the gesture without 00:26:48.000 --> 00:26:49.949 showing the actual child. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 86% (H?Y) 00:26:49.949 --> 00:26:57.100 And in this article you can find a lot of very interesting examples, solutions. And again, the point 00:26:57.100 --> 00:27:05.100s is that you must be creative in every step of the research. Being creative is not the opposite of 00:27:05.100 --> 00:27:13.900 being rigorous or of being scientific. But is part of the scientific process itself. And finally, as 00:27:13.900 --> 00:27:19.600 I said in this article, you will find a lot of very useful practical example, that 00:27:19.600 --> 00:27:19.950 you NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 00:27:19.950 --> 00:27:28.650 can to apply to your future researches. So I think that we came to the end of this 00:27:28.650 --> 00:27:35.150 qualitative research module. I hope that you enjoyed. I hope that you found it interesting. 00:27:35.150 --> 00:27:42.900 And of course we will have the opportunity to continue the discussion in the lectures, but also on 00:27:42.900 --> 00:27:48.949 the online forum. So thank you very much for your attention and wish you the best for your studies. 00:27:48.949 --> 00:27:50.400 Bye.