WEBVTT Kind: captions; language: en-us NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 80% (H?Y) 00:00:00.700 --> 00:00:16.000 So, welcome everybody. Okay, we have only two, two encounters left, and we have a lot to talk about. 00:00:16.000 --> 00:00:29.950 So today, I will have a bit longer explanation. I asked you to bring your headphones, but I don't NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 77% (H?Y) 00:00:29.950 --> 00:00:40.900 think we will have time to do some activity today. So we'll do that next time. Today is I 00:00:40.900 --> 00:00:49.600 think it's an important lecture, because so far we have been talking about basically the 00:00:49.600 --> 00:01:00.099 methods of data collection. We have slowly started to get an idea of how you can analyze NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 00:01:00.099 --> 00:01:01.650 the data. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 88% (H?Y) 00:01:01.650 --> 00:01:13.700 But today I would like to give you three concrete examples of how 00:01:13.700 --> 00:01:25.000 you can turn the strategies that I showed you in the video lecture into concrete analysis, 00:01:25.000 --> 00:01:32.300 procedures of analysis. Of course, as I say, NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 89% (H?Y) 00:01:32.300 --> 00:01:41.600 there are hundreds of different variations of the methods of analysis. 00:01:41.600 --> 00:01:53.700 What I will talk about today is three simple example, things that you could 00:01:53.700 --> 00:02:02.350 concretely use in your empirical work, let's say three of the NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 00:02:02.350 --> 00:02:11.200 the main families so to speak of methods. 00:02:26.400 --> 00:02:36.300 So, well, this is the idea for today. You actually already 00:02:36.300 --> 00:02:44.800 started to try a little bit of the first type, thematic content analysis, which is very used and 00:02:44.800 --> 00:02:55.650 which is somehow in between qualitative and quantitative methods. Indeed, it is often used 00:02:55.650 --> 00:02:56.800 in mixed method strategies. 00:03:12.450 --> 00:03:21.800 The theamtic content analysis is also used when you have large amount 00:03:21.800 --> 00:03:31.400 of data because in a certain sense, it's a bit faster. The second one is discourse analysis. 00:03:31.400 --> 00:03:40.100 Actually to be more precise, I will give you an example of conversational analysis, which is instead 00:03:40.100 --> 00:03:42.700 something that works at the more micro-genetic level. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 83% (H?Y) 00:03:42.700 --> 00:03:52.400 Micro-genetic means that you can observe the construction of meaning in the moment, in 00:03:52.400 --> 00:04:00.200 which this meaning is emerging in as, as the words, a conversation analysis, it emerges in 00:04:00.200 --> 00:04:07.300 conversation. The third example is an example of visual analysis. So how you can combine the 00:04:07.300 --> 00:04:12.550 analysis of images, photograph with also the analysis of text. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 89% (H?Y) 00:04:12.550 --> 00:04:26.700 And also more or less, these three kind of analysis correspond to the three types of strategies that 00:04:26.700 --> 00:04:38.200 I mentioned. So kind of more categorial analysis, kind of more interpretive analysis or more 00:04:38.200 --> 00:04:42.850 multimodal analysis strategy. Okay, let's start with NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 00:04:42.850 --> 00:04:47.700 the content analysis. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 86% (H?Y) 00:04:48.100 --> 00:04:57.000 I try to make it as simple as possible. So for each way I give you the main 00:04:57.000 --> 00:05:03.100 steps that you have to follow. The first one is in the case of content analysis, very 00:05:03.100 --> 00:05:10.700 important. Do you remember the difference between unit of analysis and unit of observation, right? 00:05:10.700 --> 00:05:18.100 In this case, when we start to analyze a text, the content of the text, NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 00:05:18.100 --> 00:05:25.200 first of all we have to make a choice, which is what which is our unit of observation, in means what 00:05:25.200 --> 00:05:34.100 is the empirical minimal unit that we want to analyze. Again, it depends on your research 00:05:34.100 --> 00:05:41.900 question. So, for instance, imagine that you want to do a document analysis on all 00:05:41.900 --> 00:05:46.400 the books published on disability NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 87% (H?Y) 00:05:46.400 --> 00:05:59.300 In Norwegian. So you will have hundreds of of books. Now, you have to choose which is your 00:05:59.300 --> 00:06:07.200 unit of analysis of observations. It can be the full book. In this case, you will have 00:06:07.200 --> 00:06:16.600 let's say 100 cases. Because for each book, I will categorize something in the book. So if NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 84% (H?Y) 00:06:16.600 --> 00:06:23.500 there are 100 books published in Norwegian, my unit of observation will 00:06:23.500 --> 00:06:25.250 be the book. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 87% (H?Y) 00:06:25.250 --> 00:06:36.200 But maybe I want to know something even more detailed. So my research question is about, I don't know 00:06:36.200 --> 00:06:46.300 which are the theories used to talk about disability in the books in Norwegian. So in 00:06:46.300 --> 00:06:53.000 this case, I should go deeper into each book instead of saying for instance this book is 00:06:53.000 --> 00:06:55.250 talking positively or negatively, NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 79% (H?Y) 00:06:55.250 --> 00:07:04.300 I want to go deeper. So my unit of analysis must be smaller and it can be, for instance, the 00:07:04.300 --> 00:07:12.100 sentence within the book, the unit of observation. So instead of having 100 units of 00:07:12.100 --> 00:07:19.200 observation immediately my unit of observation will be much more because in one single book you 00:07:19.200 --> 00:07:25.200 can have thousands and thousands of sentences, right? So again, NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 00:07:25.200 --> 00:07:32.000 the unit that you decide to observe, depends on your research question. But usually, you don't have 00:07:32.000 --> 00:07:39.400 so many texts, so many documents. So let's imagine that we want to analyze ten 00:07:39.400 --> 00:07:48.500 interviews. So in that case, you can choose for instance to observe, to categorize the single 00:07:48.500 --> 00:07:55.000 words. Because for instance my research question is about how many times people NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 75% (MEDIUM) 00:07:55.000 --> 00:08:02.600 use the word ''disability'' when they talk for instance? So I'm going to look how many times 00:08:02.600 --> 00:08:11.000 people will use that word. So my unit of observation is the word. If instead my research question 00:08:11.000 --> 00:08:22.100 is how people talk about disability. Well, then I need to have kind of larger unit of observation. 00:08:22.100 --> 00:08:25.150 So I will divide the interview into NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 78% (H?Y) 00:08:25.150 --> 00:08:35.700 chunks, into bites of meaning for instance, or into sentences. So once you have made 00:08:35.700 --> 00:08:43.400 this choice, you can start observing your data. And the first thing is, of course, always 00:08:43.400 --> 00:08:45.400 transcription. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 00:08:45.400 --> 00:08:53.500 We will talk about this in the next in the last lecture. But transcribing is very boring, is very 00:08:53.500 --> 00:09:00.100 long, takes a lot of time. But it's always part of your analysis, because by transcribing 00:09:00.100 --> 00:09:07.700 your data your, your texts, your interviews, your observations, you get familiar with them and you 00:09:07.700 --> 00:09:15.200 start to think about them and you start to come out with some ideas about how to categorize. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 76% (H?Y) 00:09:15.800 --> 00:09:22.800 So the the second step is transcription and you can start building the code book. You remember, I 00:09:22.800 --> 00:09:28.350 mentioned this, I will show you how to do this. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 00:09:28.350 --> 00:09:39.050 Then you can actually start coding. Once you have completed the coding, you will have your interview 00:09:39.050 --> 00:09:50.200 categorized with the themes that you have chosen. And you can start combining the see the themes and 00:09:50.200 --> 00:09:56.800 starting to create a hypothesis to interpret the text. A concrete example, NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 00:09:56.800 --> 00:10:06.100 this is an example of coding. It's actually what you already did last time. What we have 00:10:06.100 --> 00:10:13.900 here? I hope that from home you can see the slides changing, right? It's fine. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 00:10:14.300 --> 00:10:22.400 So what do you basically do? Exactly what you did last time. So you have 00:10:22.400 --> 00:10:23.700 an interview, NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 87% (H?Y) 00:10:23.700 --> 00:10:35.200 you have some codes that look like the one below and these codes. Some of these codes can be already 00:10:35.200 --> 00:10:45.600 there because my research question or because the theory I'm using already giving me some suggestions 00:10:45.600 --> 00:10:53.700 about coding. Okay. So in this case, let's say that this is an interview about my NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 77% (H?Y) 00:10:53.700 --> 00:10:58.100 representation of climate change. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 86% (H?Y) 00:10:58.500 --> 00:11:08.000 So for instance, my theory already tells me some aspect are relevant, like 00:11:08.000 --> 00:11:19.900 how I look for information or how I trust science or not, what is my attitude or feeling toward 00:11:19.900 --> 00:11:25.000 climate changes... So these are already part of my research question and I can start using these 00:11:25.000 --> 00:11:28.450 categories. Some other categories, some other NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 84% (H?Y) 00:11:28.450 --> 00:11:37.000 coding can instead come directly from the data. You remember the exercise last time. So basically 00:11:37.000 --> 00:11:46.900 when you code a text, it looks like this. Even if you are using softwares like Nvivo, unfortunately 00:11:46.900 --> 00:11:53.000 we don't have time to go also into software's. It will take a full course only to teach and view. 00:11:53.000 --> 00:11:58.300 Unfortunately, we don't have enough space. Hopefully next year, we can have a NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 83% (H?Y) 00:11:58.300 --> 00:12:07.700 full course of qualitative methods. Basically, what you do is in this case, the unit of 00:12:07.700 --> 00:12:15.700 observation, as you can see, is not a sentence but is a unit of meaning. So unit of meaning means a 00:12:15.700 --> 00:12:21.900 combination of words that have a complete meaning. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 79% (H?Y) 00:12:24.000 --> 00:12:31.700 So you see here I'm using different colors to make the different codes more visible, 00:12:31.700 --> 00:12:40.500 so it's easier for me and for other people that are helping me encoding to get immediately the 00:12:40.500 --> 00:12:48.300 hint of how the coding going. So this is the exercise of coding is exactly what you 00:12:48.300 --> 00:12:50.300 have done last week. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 00:12:50.700 --> 00:12:56.050 Once I have completed the coding of my data, NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 00:12:56.050 --> 00:12:58.800 I can start. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 74% (MEDIUM) 00:12:59.100 --> 00:13:09.700 I have an overview of what codes I have in my data or how I have coded my data. And I can 00:13:09.700 --> 00:13:17.300 start think about this codes. So for instance, I have NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 00:13:17.300 --> 00:13:19.550 some codes NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 00:13:19.550 --> 00:13:32.000 that are similar for the content or for the idea they bring. I will group them 00:13:32.000 --> 00:13:40.600 together in a larger category. So in this case, for instance, you see uncertainty was a category 00:13:40.600 --> 00:13:49.800 that I created from theory. Then probably into the interviews someone said, oh we show to NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 84% (H?Y) 00:13:49.800 --> 00:13:56.200 to the experts. Oh, I have created here a concept which is interesting for me. So I create 00:13:56.200 --> 00:14:04.200 a new code that emerges from the data but which is somehow related to first one. So from one from 00:14:04.200 --> 00:14:12.500 the lower category, the categories that are closer to the data I can create a bit more general and 00:14:12.500 --> 00:14:19.700 abstract categories that guide me into the interpretation. What is very important is that? NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 90% (H?Y) 00:14:19.700 --> 00:14:29.700 This is an ongoing process. So I start with the first round of coding. Okay, then I look at my codes 00:14:29.700 --> 00:14:40.900 and see how they create some patterns or some similarities. Then I go back to the data with this 00:14:40.900 --> 00:14:48.400 code and see if I'm really satisfied with it, so I can continuously organize and reorganize my 00:14:48.400 --> 00:14:50.000 coding, my categories NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 00:14:50.000 --> 00:14:58.450 in relationship with the data. So it's an it's an ongoing interpretive process. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 76% (H?Y) 00:14:58.450 --> 00:15:08.700 The ideal condition is that you do this activity with more than one person. Why? Because more 00:15:08.700 --> 00:15:17.900 different eyes on the same data and using the same category, give you a better reliability on your 00:15:17.900 --> 00:15:25.700 analysis. So if I do it only myself, of course, it's more subjective. If two people code the 00:15:25.700 --> 00:15:28.700 same data and they agree on the same categories, NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 84% (H?Y) 00:15:28.700 --> 00:15:37.100 it's less subjective. If three people agree independently coding 00:15:37.100 --> 00:15:45.800 independently on the same data it means that probably my structure, my system of categories 00:15:45.800 --> 00:15:51.250 are actually reliable, more reliable. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 00:15:51.250 --> 00:15:59.900 But what is important is that this is an interpretive circular process. So at the end you 00:15:59.900 --> 00:16:10.200 will have a list of categories you will have, if you want you will can also have a matrix of 00:16:10.200 --> 00:16:19.500 frequencies, so how many times this category appear in the text I'm analyzing. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 82% (H?Y) 00:16:20.000 --> 00:16:28.700 Basically, you use content analysis to interpret the text but as you will end up also with a 00:16:28.700 --> 00:16:36.100 matrix of frequencies. Of course, you can perform also some descriptive statistics on it. And this 00:16:36.100 --> 00:16:45.700 is what is usually done in content analysis. So, on one hand, I describe the content of my text 00:16:45.700 --> 00:16:50.800 through descriptive statistics, like for instance which NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 00:16:50.800 --> 00:17:01.100 are the most frequent combination of categories. And then I also perform an interpretive analysis. So 00:17:01.100 --> 00:17:10.500 these two things together, this kind of very basic mixed method approach gives you a better validity. 00:17:10.500 --> 00:17:16.700 But again, this depends on depends on the theory that you are using in analyzing 00:17:16.700 --> 00:17:20.800 your data and depends on your research question, clear? NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 85% (H?Y) 00:17:20.800 --> 00:17:29.050 Once I have this, well, I can start making some kind of reflection about my analysis. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 00:17:29.050 --> 00:17:38.800 So let's imagine that here, I have coded. I have created these more general categories, grouping 00:17:38.800 --> 00:17:47.400 some teams. Okay, one category as we have seen is uncertainty. Another group of teams somehow point 00:17:47.400 --> 00:17:49.700 to the concept of fear. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 77% (H?Y) 00:17:49.800 --> 00:18:00.050 So what I have witnessed, can start to to think about here is that associated to the people 00:18:00.050 --> 00:18:06.850 discourse about climate change, there are some kind of negative emotions. So people express 00:18:06.850 --> 00:18:09.200 uncertainty and fear. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 00:18:09.200 --> 00:18:18.300 So I can create a higher level more general category that I can call for instance negative 00:18:18.300 --> 00:18:26.350 emotions. So you see how you go from the concrete data, more and more to abstract concepts 00:18:26.350 --> 00:18:27.800 Okay. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 00:18:27.800 --> 00:18:34.650 that leads you to kind of starting to have a theory about the the phenomenon. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 83% (H?Y) 00:18:34.650 --> 00:18:41.900 On the other side, I have another groups of categories that talks about distrust in scientists, 00:18:41.900 --> 00:18:52.200 distrust in the media. But also the fact that people mention that the information is wrong, 00:18:52.200 --> 00:19:00.200 they actually mention wrong information, about climate change. So, here I 00:19:00.200 --> 00:19:04.800 start to have another group of teams that goes together. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 00:19:04.800 --> 00:19:10.500 In a certain sense here, for instance I can start thinking, ''Oh, so there is something that has to 00:19:10.500 --> 00:19:20.100 do with how people get information. Oh, there is another more abstract team. '' Okay. So on one hand, I 00:19:20.100 --> 00:19:26.700 have people negative emotion, experiencing negative and talking about negative emotions about 00:19:26.700 --> 00:19:33.700 climate change. On the other hand I have a group of teams that telling me something 00:19:33.700 --> 00:19:34.550 about NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 77% (H?Y) 00:19:34.550 --> 00:19:42.600 problems with information, where people get information. So you see that some pattern is 00:19:42.600 --> 00:19:49.949 emerging that leads me to a certain interpretation of people discourse. So that's how you go from 00:19:49.949 --> 00:19:59.100 the coding of empirical material, of the empirical text to step by step to the construction of a 00:19:59.100 --> 00:20:04.500 theory. Okay, so that's the very, very basic NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 00:20:04.600 --> 00:20:11.600 process of content analysis. No matter if you do with interviews, no matter if you do with 00:20:11.600 --> 00:20:19.300 documents, as we'll see you can also do this with images. 00:20:22.700 --> 00:20:25.900 Any question about this? NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 00:20:26.400 --> 00:20:32.900 With this information, you will be able when you read, for instance an article about content 00:20:32.900 --> 00:20:40.700 analysis, know better which you know slightly different approach they use, you will be able to 00:20:40.700 --> 00:20:45.500 understand what they are doing. Okay, so that's the idea. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 87% (H?Y) 00:20:45.500 --> 00:21:21.000 *student asking question about mixed methods* 00:21:21.100 --> 00:21:26.700 Mixed methods. Okay. There was a chapter. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 69% (MEDIUM) 00:21:26.700 --> 00:21:34.800 Yeah, there was a chapter on that. Very briefly, I actually am not repeating 00:21:34.800 --> 00:21:42.900 what should be already in the chapters, but very briefly as you know, the big distinction 00:21:42.900 --> 00:21:47.700 is about qualitative and quantitative methods, right? NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 90% (H?Y) 00:21:49.600 --> 00:21:56.500 They are somehow complementary because you they answer different questions. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 86% (H?Y) 00:21:56.500 --> 00:22:06.450 But of course, sometimes you want to try to have a more complete picture. Okay, so you can combine 00:22:06.450 --> 00:22:08.700 different methods. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 00:22:08.700 --> 00:22:24.450 And this is what we call mixed methods. For instance. Let's say that you want to investigate people, NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 87% (H?Y) 00:22:24.450 --> 00:22:36.900 representation of University. First of all, I need a starting point. So I 00:22:36.900 --> 00:22:46.800 need to to understand what are the main aspects of people representation of University. 00:22:46.800 --> 00:22:51.300 So what I do, I just choose some NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 00:22:51.300 --> 00:22:58.350 average representative types of people, and I interview them. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 84% (H?Y) 00:22:58.350 --> 00:23:04.950 From this interview, for instance I can apply content analysis and I start having for instance, 00:23:04.950 --> 00:23:15.100 the main themes or the main aspects of how people think about University. Let's imagine 00:23:15.100 --> 00:23:27.100 that I have interviewed 10 University students, 10 parents of University students and 10 very high 00:23:27.100 --> 00:23:29.000 income professionals. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 90% (H?Y) 00:23:29.000 --> 00:23:37.100 So you have three different social categories and they will bring different dimensions or maybe 00:23:37.100 --> 00:23:46.199 they can have a similar representation of the University, what is a university. Okay, from these 00:23:46.199 --> 00:23:52.200 data from this first analysis, which is qualitative tells me something about people how people 00:23:52.200 --> 00:23:57.500 make meaning of the University. I can build internet survey. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 85% (H?Y) 00:23:57.500 --> 00:24:06.000 So I built an internet questionnaire and I apply this questioner to a representative sample of 00:24:06.000 --> 00:24:15.000 Norwegian population to see for instance, whether these categories work or not or how 00:24:15.000 --> 00:24:24.700 people answer to questions about these categories. So, you see here, I have one use of qualitative 00:24:24.700 --> 00:24:27.650 method, which is to build a NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 89% (H?Y) 00:24:27.650 --> 00:24:36.000 theory or build some hypotheses. And then, I use a quantitative instrument, like a survey on a 00:24:36.000 --> 00:24:43.400 representative sample to for instance test my hypothesis. This is one example of how using 00:24:43.400 --> 00:24:49.800 mixed methods. Okay. Is it clear? *student acknowledges* NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 84% (H?Y) 00:24:52.900 --> 00:24:56.350 Any other question about this? NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 81% (H?Y) 00:24:56.350 --> 00:25:00.150 Actaully ou can also do exactly the opposite. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 90% (H?Y) 00:25:00.150 --> 00:25:10.000 You start from a survey, that's what I usually prefer, because it is said that 00:25:10.000 --> 00:25:18.700 qualitative research is to explore and quantitative research is to confirm a hypothesis. Sometimes 00:25:18.700 --> 00:25:21.150 I think is exactly the opposite. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 86% (H?Y) 00:25:21.150 --> 00:25:29.800 When you collect kind of large amount of data, this gives you a kind of first picture. 00:25:29.800 --> 00:25:39.100 But if you really want to know how things work, how the processes work, then you have to go deep 00:25:39.100 --> 00:25:46.300 with qualitative analysis. So I prefer to say, for instance, that it is quantitative methods that 00:25:46.300 --> 00:25:49.650 are explorative for instance. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 00:25:49.650 --> 00:26:02.100 An example, my PhD thesis was about extreme right groups and Neo-Nazi groups on the internet. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 89% (H?Y) 00:26:02.100 --> 00:26:13.500 And it was never been studied, 20 years ago. So, what I did was first, 00:26:13.500 --> 00:26:20.800 I used a quantitative method called social network analysis to map NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 86% (H?Y) 00:26:20.800 --> 00:26:29.100 the group's, extreme right groups on the internet talking about Nazis for instance on the 00:26:29.100 --> 00:26:38.100 internet. And then I perform a qualitative analysis of this groupS to see how did they for instance 00:26:38.100 --> 00:26:46.600 try to present themselves as no-nazi groups. But actually, if you look at the content, 00:26:46.600 --> 00:26:51.100 hey were definitely extreme right groups. So it's NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 82% (H?Y) 00:26:51.100 --> 00:26:57.300 kind of the opposite. So you use the quantitative methods to map and the qualitative methods to go 00:26:57.300 --> 00:27:04.500 into the phenomenon. But again, the idea is that the complementarity of two methods, of 00:27:04.500 --> 00:27:08.500 two approaches. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 73% (MEDIUM) 00:27:08.500 --> 00:27:17.200 Let's move to second, conversation analysis. 00:27:24.200 --> 00:27:29.200 This approach can be NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 82% (H?Y) 00:27:29.200 --> 00:27:44.650 mainly used in analyzing interactions, social interactions, micro genetically. So 00:27:44.650 --> 00:27:51.500 the idea is that meaning is not something there, but the meaning is something that emerges is 00:27:51.500 --> 00:27:59.600 constructed during the interaction. So different people interacting in different NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 82% (H?Y) 00:27:59.600 --> 00:28:08.250 will create different meanings. And this can be used for instance to analyze transcription of 00:28:08.250 --> 00:28:18.200 interviews, transcription of conversations. But also for instance, if I go into a classroom and 00:28:18.200 --> 00:28:25.000 record and observe an interaction between teachers and students, I can use 00:28:25.000 --> 00:28:29.550 conversation analysis to see what is really happening NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 88% (H?Y) 00:28:29.550 --> 00:28:37.200 during the interaction. Okay? Beyond the verbal. That's the idea. So you don't only analyze the 00:28:37.200 --> 00:28:44.000 verbal, but you also analyze the nonverbal and verbal communication. It can be used 00:28:44.000 --> 00:28:51.150 for instance, to analyze a focus group transcription. But basically here, NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 84% (H?Y) 00:28:51.150 --> 00:29:03.750 the idea is that you look at how people do things with speech, with social interaction. 00:29:03.750 --> 00:29:13.900 Because it's when it comes to the social interaction, you are not just sharing information, you are 00:29:13.900 --> 00:29:20.850 doing things, you are trying to convince people, you are can try to force people NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 00:29:20.850 --> 00:29:29.700 to do something, you can invite people to do something, you can lie to people, you can 00:29:29.700 --> 00:29:37.800 pretend with your words. So here is not transmission of information but is doing things through 00:29:37.800 --> 00:29:43.500 social interaction, okay? And through conversational analysis, you can see this. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 85% (H?Y) 00:29:43.500 --> 00:29:50.600 So again, how do you do conversational analysis? NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 78% (H?Y) 00:29:51.400 --> 00:30:01.449 As you can see here the unit of observation is different, is no longer a word or a sentence, 00:30:01.449 --> 00:30:12.200 but is called a conversational turn. It means a turn, it is assumed that when we have a 00:30:12.200 --> 00:30:19.600 conversation, I speak you speak, I speak you speak. Okay, that's a dialogue. Otherwise, it's a 00:30:19.600 --> 00:30:21.200 monologue. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 00:30:21.400 --> 00:30:35.500 Like the one I'm doing here. So here, the idea is that the minimum unit you have to observe is 00:30:35.500 --> 00:30:45.350 a turn. So, it means of talk from one person to another. By the way, 00:30:45.350 --> 00:30:47.699 practical suggestion; NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 80% (H?Y) 00:30:47.699 --> 00:30:54.900 Probably some of you will have --of course, we will talk about this tomorrow-- 00:30:54.900 --> 00:31:03.200 just a small anticipation, some of you that will maybe analyze interviews for instance when you write 00:31:03.200 --> 00:31:10.300 your thesis you have to show some examples of an interview for instance. 00:31:10.300 --> 00:31:18.050 It is a very good practice when you talk about interviews, always to present the question NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 90% (H?Y) 00:31:18.050 --> 00:31:24.500 and the answer. Not only the answer because it can make a very big difference in the 00:31:24.500 --> 00:31:27.050 interpretation of the data NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 75% (MEDIUM) 00:31:27.050 --> 00:31:36.100 the kind of answer that their interviewer is asking. So remember try always to present 00:31:36.100 --> 00:31:41.500 the question and the answer together, okay. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 90% (H?Y) 00:31:41.500 --> 00:31:50.200 So, again, how do we do a conversational analysis? Actually, you are missing a piece that we will 00:31:50.200 --> 00:31:55.800 have tomorrow, which is the transcription. And in the case of conversational analysis it's a 00:31:55.800 --> 00:32:05.600 special kind of transcription. Why? Because it is not only about what people say, but here what is 00:32:05.600 --> 00:32:09.750 important is how people say things. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 00:32:09.750 --> 00:32:20.200 You need also to transcribe some nonverbal information. And again, there are 00:32:20.200 --> 00:32:29.850 different degrees. So you there can be a very complex transcription in which you really transcribe 00:32:29.850 --> 00:32:37.400 every aspect of the nonverbal communication. And some, we will work with the simplified version of 00:32:37.400 --> 00:32:39.800 the transcription, when you give only some NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 00:32:39.800 --> 00:32:48.300 information. Then in this case what you perform is a really micro genetical 00:32:48.300 --> 00:32:57.700 analysis of the conversation. So you look line by line in this interaction what is happening beyond 00:32:57.700 --> 00:32:59.100 the words. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 00:32:59.100 --> 00:33:09.800 You analyze the words and what is beyond the words so to speak. Then how I interpret this 00:33:09.800 --> 00:33:19.800 data? In this case it's a bit more interpretive. It means somehow you as the researcher, 00:33:19.800 --> 00:33:27.400 you provide an interpretation of what's happening there. But remember you always support your 00:33:27.400 --> 00:33:29.500 interpretation with the data. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 89% (H?Y) 00:33:29.500 --> 00:33:37.050 You cannot say just ''Oh, I think that during this conversation, the teacher is doing some kind of 00:33:37.050 --> 00:33:44.400 passive-aggressive thing to the student.'' You cannot just say that, you have to show exactly where in 00:33:44.400 --> 00:33:52.000 the transcription this happens. Okay, so that's how you analyze. 00:33:52.000 --> 00:33:59.000 And of course, you look at some special aspect in the conversation NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 90% (H?Y) 00:33:59.000 --> 00:34:06.750 depending again of your research question. This is an example of conversational analysis. Okay. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 00:34:06.750 --> 00:34:10.150 So, how do you read this? NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 88% (H?Y) 00:34:10.150 --> 00:34:20.199 We will see tomorrow, the transcription is made line by line. So, every line has a number. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 00:34:20.199 --> 00:34:30.300 Why? Because it's easier to find the lines. So when you see every line, every number is a line 00:34:30.300 --> 00:34:36.900 of transcription. Okay, so it's not time, it's just numbers to the lines to make 00:34:36.900 --> 00:34:43.000 it easier to find them. So now you see there some words, NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 78% (H?Y) 00:34:43.000 --> 00:34:53.800 but you also see some strange signs in the words, right? How do you read this? So you see B 00:34:53.800 --> 00:35:03.000 and A are the two people interacting. So B means is B speaking and down a turn means now it's the 00:35:03.000 --> 00:35:06.200 turn of A to speak. Okay? NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 00:35:06.200 --> 00:35:17.850 So, how do you read this transcription? ''Where is she? She was absolutely soaked because with the 00:35:17.850 --> 00:35:23.600 closer the door, which we don't usually do, right? NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 80% (H?Y) 00:35:23.600 --> 00:35:32.600 And he normally runs into the garage. Does he? Yessss, of course in the garage. '' NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 00:35:33.200 --> 00:35:41.900 So you see, the signs actually tells you something about the speed, the poses. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 00:35:43.000 --> 00:35:50.800 When you see for instance the parentheses, like here, it means that there is one second pause. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 75% (MEDIUM) 00:35:50.900 --> 00:36:00.100 Why it is important? It is important because one second pause in a 00:36:00.100 --> 00:36:02.850 conversation is a lot NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 00:36:02.850 --> 00:36:06.600 unless you come from some culture NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 84% (H?Y) 00:36:08.400 --> 00:36:11.850 in which, NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 88% (H?Y) 00:36:11.850 --> 00:36:19.700 speaking is very slow and there are a lot of silences. But for instance in my culture, one second of 00:36:19.700 --> 00:36:25.450 pause is really a lot so you say oh something is really happening there. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 77% (H?Y) 00:36:25.450 --> 00:36:33.600 So, how do you analyze this is like 2 seconds or 3 seconds of interaction? And there is 00:36:33.600 --> 00:36:39.700 already a lot going on here, how do you analyze this? NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 00:36:40.400 --> 00:36:49.050 First of all, you look as we say the minimal unique of observation is turns. Okay. So first 00:36:49.050 --> 00:37:01.250 of all, you look at how people share turn-taking. Why? Because in a conversation for instance, the way NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 00:37:01.250 --> 00:37:03.900 we give NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 87% (H?Y) 00:37:03.900 --> 00:37:13.450 the word, the speech or we take the speech from another person tells something about our power. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 86% (H?Y) 00:37:13.450 --> 00:37:21.400 What do you learn when you are a kid in a lot of cultures? Never interrupt the adults. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 00:37:21.600 --> 00:37:31.000 Why? Because they are more powerful. So a child who is interacting an adult is not an educated 00:37:31.000 --> 00:37:34.950 child or has something wrong. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 79% (H?Y) 00:37:34.950 --> 00:37:39.600 *student asking question about why 1 second pause is considered long* NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 87% (H?Y) 00:38:16.900 --> 00:38:21.850 It's the same person, you see there is no B. 00:38:28.300 --> 00:38:35.100 Yeah, yeah. Okay. Sorry, I have to repeat for them. Okay, so she's saying ''but one second 00:38:35.100 --> 00:38:43.950 pause is not that long. '' That's one second pose, what I just did is 1 second pause. This is a pause. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 80% (H?Y) 00:38:43.950 --> 00:38:51.800 So it tells you something. If we think about one second, it looks not 00:38:51.800 --> 00:39:00.400 very much. You did actually one second pause while talking. Why? Because you were looking for a word. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 57% (MEDIUM) 00:39:09.100 --> 00:39:11.800 *student eleborates question* NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 82% (H?Y) 00:39:18.800 --> 00:39:29.300 Exactly. I repeat. Yes, you say, 1 second is not that much, maybe two seconds will 00:39:29.300 --> 00:39:37.700 be a bit longer, maybe because this person is giving some space to the other person to say 00:39:37.700 --> 00:39:42.800 something. That's exactly the kind of analysis you do. 00:39:42.800 --> 00:39:49.300 When it comes to turn taking, NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 87% (H?Y) 00:39:49.300 --> 00:39:56.200 turn taking means also that for instance I can give space to the other person to say something. So I'm 00:39:56.200 --> 00:39:58.500 giving you the turn. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 00:39:58.800 --> 00:40:06.400 Exactly. That's a correct interpretation. So what happens if in one second or in two second, the other 00:40:06.400 --> 00:40:09.000 person is not taking the turn? NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 82% (H?Y) 00:40:09.000 --> 00:40:18.200 There is a rupture in the flow of the normal conversation. So this means that there 00:40:18.200 --> 00:40:20.600 is something going on there. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 00:40:20.600 --> 00:40:28.600 Now it is to me as a researcher observing the rest of the conversation to understand what is 00:40:28.600 --> 00:40:39.500 going on there. This is exactly the point. So every time you find for instance, an interruption or 00:40:39.500 --> 00:40:48.000 something unusual in the turn-taking, well there is something going on there. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 00:40:48.000 --> 00:40:53.100 That is not visible if you only consider the words. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 77% (H?Y) 00:40:53.100 --> 00:41:02.300 Imaging the opposite example, you are speaking and I enter on your speech. So I overlap to 00:41:02.300 --> 00:41:11.700 your speech. That's another violation, of course. So it's a violation of the turn 00:41:11.700 --> 00:41:20.350 taking and it's telling me something about this. What can it be? NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 00:41:20.350 --> 00:41:27.500 I should check with the rest of the conversation. It can be for instance, that I am so happy that I 00:41:27.500 --> 00:41:36.900 just jump in. Okay? It can be that I want to take your turn. So I want to interrupt you. So it's an 00:41:36.900 --> 00:41:47.200 action. Sometimes it can be felt as an action of violence by someone as an aggression. It 00:41:47.200 --> 00:41:50.649 can be a form of aggression. So you see ,by simply looking NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 00:41:50.649 --> 00:41:58.399 at the turn-taking you already get a lot of information. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 85% (H?Y) 00:41:58.399 --> 00:42:04.500 I answered your question? Okay, so you see it was not really a stupid question, very important 00:42:04.500 --> 00:42:05.850 actually. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 80% (H?Y) 00:42:05.850 --> 00:42:11.600 So let's go now to another important thing, silences. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 00:42:11.600 --> 00:42:19.900 This is the thing I struggle the most here in Oslo, how to learn to manage silences. Because 00:42:19.900 --> 00:42:25.900 again, silences speak a lot. Silence speak a lot. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 89% (H?Y) 00:42:28.400 --> 00:42:34.350 And, of course, the meaning of silence is very difficult to interpret. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 82% (H?Y) 00:42:34.350 --> 00:42:46.500 It can be a cultural thing for instance. I just, you know, wait a lot before speaking because in my 00:42:46.500 --> 00:42:55.300 culture being reflective is a very important value. So, I never speak like this. First I think, 00:42:55.300 --> 00:42:57.000 than I speak. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 00:42:57.700 --> 00:43:01.900 My silence can be a refusal, NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 00:43:02.900 --> 00:43:13.200 I don't legitimize you. Now, imagine a teacher who has to interpret the silence of a student. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 83% (H?Y) 00:43:13.200 --> 00:43:18.000 How this teacher will interpret this silence? NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 84% (H?Y) 00:43:19.500 --> 00:43:26.400 In conversational analysis, the pauses and the silences are very very important to 00:43:26.400 --> 00:43:28.400 interpret. Okay? 00:43:39.000 --> 00:43:47.300 For instance, another important example of what you can analyze are the so-called repairs or 00:43:47.300 --> 00:43:57.700 reparations. Again, the conversational analysis is about there are some rules when we have social 00:43:57.700 --> 00:44:00.050 interaction, okay? NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 89% (H?Y) 00:44:00.050 --> 00:44:09.950 Every time we violate one of these rules, there is something interesting or meaningful happening. 00:44:09.950 --> 00:44:26.200 An example of violation is turn from 10 to 12. Why? If you read this 00:44:26.200 --> 00:44:30.200 part it's like '' normally ruins into NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 87% (H?Y) 00:44:30.200 --> 00:44:33.000 the garage, does he? '' NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 84% (H?Y) 00:44:33.600 --> 00:44:47.700 You see the B in line 11 is not answering ''yes'' the two points, repeated, 00:44:47.700 --> 00:44:55.700 two points mean that the sounds is just continuing, so B is saying ''yess... '' NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 00:44:55.700 --> 00:44:57.500 Okay. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 00:44:57.500 --> 00:45:01.100 Why this is a violation? NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 78% (H?Y) 00:45:06.400 --> 00:45:13.200 Because A is actually asking a rhetorical question. He is not asking NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 00:45:13.200 --> 00:45:17.450 ''Does she really ruins into the garage? '' NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 00:45:17.450 --> 00:45:25.900 What he's asking is '' I'm telling this and you have to agree. Does he? Of course we both know the 00:45:25.900 --> 00:45:36.400 answer is yes. '' So if the expectation of the other is that I agree with him and I say ''yess..'' 00:45:36.400 --> 00:45:38.850 it means that I disagreeing. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 85% (H?Y) 00:45:38.850 --> 00:45:50.600 So and B realizes immediately this in turn 12. So what is she doing? 00:45:50.600 --> 00:46:02.000 She is, you see the arrow, say that in that point she speaking faster. ''So yess... Of course '' 00:46:02.000 --> 00:46:09.400 So this is a reparation. She realizes that she has somehow not met the expectation of NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 80% (H?Y) 00:46:09.400 --> 00:46:14.500 A in the rhetorical question and she's doing a reparation. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 70% (MEDIUM) 00:46:14.500 --> 00:46:23.600 She somehow restoring the expectation in the social interaction. Okay, so you see how in one single 00:46:23.600 --> 00:46:29.000 line of conversation in one single turn-taking, there is a lot going on. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 00:46:29.100 --> 00:46:38.450 So this is the conversational analysis and sometimes this is very very helpful because again, 00:46:38.450 --> 00:46:47.400 there are two levels. Okay, people say something but mean something else. And this is the basis of 00:46:47.400 --> 00:46:56.000 social interactions. Imagine a world in which everybody was exactly saying what they mean. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 88% (H?Y) 00:46:56.000 --> 00:47:04.200 You know, society will broke down in second. If you always tell the truth 00:47:04.200 --> 00:47:14.400 there will be no social life. And second because we do not only pass information with words, but 00:47:14.400 --> 00:47:21.800 we do things. So you see here there is one person who is giving me something, is 00:47:21.800 --> 00:47:26.600 giving me the space to answer, and I can accept or refuse to answer. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 00:47:26.600 --> 00:47:35.900 In another turn this person is asking me to agree with in turn 10 is asking me to agree with 00:47:35.900 --> 00:47:39.400 him and I don't really agree. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 87% (H?Y) 00:47:39.400 --> 00:47:46.800 Okay, so you see how they are doing something with words. So that's the the the conversational 00:47:46.800 --> 00:48:00.700 analysis. And I think we can have a break now. So we have let's say NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 84% (H?Y) 00:48:01.100 --> 00:48:10.800 10 minutes break so we can maybe finish a bit also earlier. So, see you at 11:15, okay. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 89% (H?Y) 00:48:12.900 --> 00:48:29.400 So well, we start again. I have a couple of super, super interesting questions on the chat. So let 00:48:29.400 --> 00:48:37.300 me just briefly answer these questions. So the first one is: '' Does this mean that conversational 00:48:37.300 --> 00:48:43.700 analysis should not be used in interviews with people with communication difficulties? They can have NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 71% (MEDIUM) 00:48:43.700 --> 00:48:51.500 natural pauses, a natural turn taking and so on. '' This is super, super, super important. Of course, 00:48:51.500 --> 00:49:00.500 you can use con conversational analysis, but you have to adapt the method for the different kind of 00:49:00.500 --> 00:49:11.500 people you are analyzing. Okay. So you find in literature, a lot of 00:49:11.500 --> 00:49:13.750 examples with, of course NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 85% (H?Y) 00:49:13.750 --> 00:49:24.300 it depends on the specific communication difficulties. Okay, for instance, last semester I had a 00:49:24.300 --> 00:49:34.700 the brilliant brilliant student from our master who made the study on deaf 00:49:34.700 --> 00:49:44.300 people, that were going to speech therapy. Deaf people who were signing people NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 00:49:44.300 --> 00:49:53.600 who also had needed to have Rehabilitation speech therapy after some problems. And she used 00:49:53.600 --> 00:50:04.000 both observation and analysis of interviews for instance. In that case it was a very complex 00:50:04.000 --> 00:50:12.000 communication situation. Nevertheless, you can do that also there, why? Because, as I said the 00:50:12.000 --> 00:50:22.250 rules of conversation, for instance, based on 00:50:22.250 --> 00:50:37.500 some rules and in part they are cultural, of course. So for instance, depending on a communication 00:50:37.500 --> 00:50:43.950 difficulties that you have also for instance sign language has NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 75% (MEDIUM) 00:50:43.950 --> 00:50:52.100 conversational rules. But of course, they are different from verbal from speech conversation. When 00:50:52.100 --> 00:50:57.700 it comes to people instead with other kind of communication difficulties. So for instance, the 00:50:57.700 --> 00:51:05.500 communication difficulties associated with autistic Spectrum for instance, these are 00:51:05.500 --> 00:51:11.400 different communication difficulties. So you will adapt a different ways to do that, but you can do 00:51:11.400 --> 00:51:14.400 that anyway, okay. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 71% (MEDIUM) 00:51:14.400 --> 00:51:20.300 When you interact with people that have the communication difficulties, of course you have to 00:51:20.300 --> 00:51:26.200 adapt your interaction, even if youu are testing these people, you need to adapt your 00:51:26.200 --> 00:51:33.100 technique. Okay, what about facial expression, body language? Are they included in this type of 00:51:33.100 --> 00:51:39.900 analysis? Another very important question. Of course, again, it depends on your research questions. 00:51:39.900 --> 00:51:44.350 The conversational analysis is used a lot in NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 81% (H?Y) 00:51:44.350 --> 00:51:51.700 Ethnomethodology for instance. Okay, well in ethnomethodology, you can video record. And if 00:51:51.700 --> 00:52:01.649 your research question includes also the non verbal aspect --you remember in the observation 00:52:01.649 --> 00:52:10.700 exercise, you can observe also the gaze, the gestures... -- of course, you can do 00:52:10.700 --> 00:52:14.350 conversational analysis also with these aspects, but it depends NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 00:52:14.350 --> 00:52:21.950 on your research question and of course, it depends on how you collect the data. If you only record 00:52:21.950 --> 00:52:27.900 the audio, you can have only some aspects of nonverbal, right? NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 90% (H?Y) 00:52:29.100 --> 00:52:35.900 So yeah, thank you very much. This questions are 00:52:35.900 --> 00:52:47.700 very, very important. Now the last type of analysis, the visual or multi-modal analysis. Why 00:52:47.700 --> 00:52:54.100 multimodal? In the certain sense also the conversational analysis can be multimodal, 00:52:54.100 --> 00:52:56.150 for instance if I consider NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 90% (H?Y) 00:52:56.150 --> 00:53:08.100 not only the verbal and voice channel... 00:53:08.100 --> 00:53:15.600 I consider also for instance, the visual channel. Okay, it becomes 00:53:15.600 --> 00:53:17.000 multimodal. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 00:53:17.000 --> 00:53:24.450 Here, I give you some example instead of how you work with visual data. 00:53:28.600 --> 00:53:38.600 As you remember from the chapter usually you can have three different types of images you 00:53:38.600 --> 00:53:46.400 work with. The images generated by the researcher. So when you do data collection, you can produce 00:53:46.400 --> 00:53:53.400 images. For instance when you video record or when you video recorded observation, I as a 00:53:53.400 --> 00:53:56.600 researcher, I can take pictures NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 00:53:56.600 --> 00:54:04.450 of something. And this is my personally generated kind of data. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 00:54:04.450 --> 00:54:15.200 There can be data generated by the participant, for instance photovoice method. We ask to 00:54:15.200 --> 00:54:23.649 participants to take pictures. Also the body mapping. What is the body map? If not an image 00:54:23.649 --> 00:54:28.899 generated by the participant that you can analyze visually as well. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 00:54:28.899 --> 00:54:37.700 Or there can be pre-existing images. Like for instance, if I want to make an analysis of the 00:54:37.700 --> 00:54:49.000 advertisements about some product or if I want to make an analysis of some kind of TV show or movies 00:54:49.000 --> 00:54:55.200 or an analysis of paintings. These are all pre-existing images. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 00:54:55.200 --> 00:55:04.700 In this case, the unit of observation is always the whole image. Why? Why this is important? Because 00:55:04.700 --> 00:55:19.500 the nature of the visual is to be a totality. The meaning of 00:55:19.500 --> 00:55:21.050 image NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 79% (H?Y) 00:55:21.050 --> 00:55:30.500 cannot be reduced to this single elements. I will say that also the meaning of a text 00:55:30.500 --> 00:55:35.500 cannot be reduced to the single words or to the single letters. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 87% (H?Y) 00:55:35.500 --> 00:55:40.900 Right? So we always consider the image as a whole. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 85% (H?Y) 00:55:40.900 --> 00:55:51.500 Of course, then when it comes to the analyzing images, you can have a bit more strategies 00:55:51.500 --> 00:55:58.800 to analyze it. You can use content analysis, apply content analysis not only two words, but also 00:55:58.800 --> 00:56:10.500 to images and image is a text. You can apply rhetorical analysis. Again, it means to NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 00:56:10.500 --> 00:56:18.600 understand what is the rhetorical goal or the rhetorical purpose of the image? So what is the 00:56:18.600 --> 00:56:29.200 message and what the image is made for convincing you? So for instance, basically a 00:56:29.200 --> 00:56:37.000 lot of car advertisements, they are based on metaphors, NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 80% (H?Y) 00:56:37.000 --> 00:56:46.649 visual metaphors. Why do you think that the advertisement of cars, especially the 00:56:46.649 --> 00:56:55.200 luxury cars, you always see this cars running in a wield nature, or among 00:56:55.200 --> 00:57:03.500 volcanoes or glaciers on a highway, in open space and you see this car running. These 00:57:03.500 --> 00:57:05.850 are metaphorical language. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 00:57:05.850 --> 00:57:09.050 And the metaphor can be sexual. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 77% (H?Y) 00:57:09.050 --> 00:57:17.500 Why? Because it's mainly addressed to high-income, male, white male usually, or it can be a 00:57:17.500 --> 00:57:26.000 metaphor of freedom and independence. So you see that the if you analyze those images through 00:57:26.000 --> 00:57:32.500 a metaphor, you can understand what is the rhetorical purpose of that message. Again, 00:57:32.500 --> 00:57:38.800 you can use simple content analysis as we did last time with NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 90% (H?Y) 00:57:38.800 --> 00:57:49.100 diversity image. So what are the teams that are in the image? For instance, make 00:57:49.100 --> 00:58:00.600 an analysis aboutthe channel or the message. Is different to analyze images made for the social 00:58:00.600 --> 00:58:06.800 media and images made for the TV for instance. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 82% (H?Y) 00:58:06.800 --> 00:58:17.950 Usually on visual images or visual data, you do a more interpretive work. Why? Because the images 00:58:17.950 --> 00:58:27.900 are --this is a technical term-- are polysemic. It means that the space for the 00:58:27.900 --> 00:58:35.700 interpretation of the meaning of an image is larger and image can have much more meanings than 00:58:35.700 --> 00:58:36.950 verbal language. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 88% (H?Y) 00:58:36.950 --> 00:58:45.300 Okay, so it's more open to interpretation. But the interpretation is not free, as we can see. 00:58:45.300 --> 00:58:54.300 So how do we analyze? You interpret the visual, but as in the conversation 00:58:54.300 --> 00:59:02.800 analysis, your interpretation should always be supported by your data. So if you say something about 00:59:02.800 --> 00:59:06.900 that image, you must be able to point exactly NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 00:59:06.900 --> 00:59:13.900 where and how. You cannot just say ''Oh, this makes me think about something. '' You have to show with 00:59:13.900 --> 00:59:22.400 the evidence of your data where and how your claim is justified. So I'll show 00:59:22.400 --> 00:59:28.950 you different example on how to use visual data. It's clear so far? NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 90% (H?Y) 00:59:28.950 --> 00:59:42.700 So, one image, this is from a study about human borders that I made in New York. So, okay, you already 00:59:42.700 --> 00:59:49.000 have a big suggestion here, but can you see the image? NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 81% (H?Y) 00:59:49.200 --> 00:59:54.100 What can you see in this image? NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 00:59:56.800 --> 00:59:59.750 There is something that is. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 85% (H?Y) 00:59:59.750 --> 01:00:07.750 looks kind of... I couldn't find the the original color image. This is the one 01:00:07.750 --> 01:00:14.800 published in the book. So it's black and white. But you could already see something in this image. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 01:00:20.500 --> 01:00:27.300 Also from home, you can say something if you want. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 44% (LAV) 01:00:27.300 --> 01:00:36.300 *student talking about Spanish signs on stores* NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 01:00:46.000 --> 01:00:57.600 Okay. Well that's already a lot of analysis. Yeah, in this picture you see two types of human 01:00:57.600 --> 01:00:59.400 borders. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 82% (H?Y) 01:01:00.200 --> 01:01:04.450 Actually three types of your human borders. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 01:01:04.450 --> 01:01:12.000 Let me give you some context. This is a special part of Manhattan called 01:01:12.000 --> 01:01:13.649 Washington Heights. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 90% (H?Y) 01:01:13.649 --> 01:01:21.700 It's a part of Manhattan in which its kind of is not completely low income because it's Manhattan, 01:01:21.700 --> 01:01:33.900 New York, but it's kind of Latino area. So especially by Dominican people, people from 01:01:33.900 --> 01:01:38.000 Dominican Republic live here. Okay? NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 01:01:38.000 --> 01:01:48.500 And this is a border for three reasons. First, street corners are borders. 01:01:48.500 --> 01:01:57.500 For instance, there is an implicit rule that you never stand on a street corner, especially if you are a woman. 01:01:57.700 --> 01:02:03.400 Because if you stand on a street corner, it means something. It means that you are waiting for 01:02:03.400 --> 01:02:06.100 something, or for someone. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 89% (H?Y) 01:02:06.300 --> 01:02:17.650 Second is, is a border because it is the place where Washington Heights begins. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 01:02:17.650 --> 01:02:22.250 And you see exactly that from that block NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 87% (H?Y) 01:02:22.250 --> 01:02:32.300 the shop signs start to be in two languages. If you go down that street, that goes directly to 01:02:32.300 --> 01:02:39.300 Central Park, the shops are in English. From this block, they start to 01:02:39.300 --> 01:02:48.550 be in two languages. When you get to the real core of Washington hates, they are only Spanish. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 01:02:48.550 --> 01:02:56.900 So you can see here the exact moment in which this is changing. And the third border is, you see in 01:02:56.900 --> 01:02:58.950 the middle of the street? NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 67% (MEDIUM) 01:02:58.950 --> 01:03:09.100 There are this Hiram things. Why? Because that specific day there was a parade, street parade 01:03:09.100 --> 01:03:16.100 because it was the anniversary of something in the Dominican Republic. So people were 01:03:16.100 --> 01:03:23.649 celebrating something in the Dominican Republic and there was an area of the town that was closed 01:03:23.649 --> 01:03:27.800 for the Dominican people to celebrate this event. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 89% (H?Y) 01:03:27.800 --> 01:03:37.600 Okay, so you see one single picture, you get all these things happening in 01:03:37.600 --> 01:03:44.400 urban space. So this is one kind of, one type of use of images. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 01:03:44.400 --> 01:03:47.100 Questions? NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 01:03:47.600 --> 01:03:50.200 Second. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 01:03:53.500 --> 01:03:56.000 How do you NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 80% (H?Y) 01:03:56.000 --> 01:03:59.000 look at this images? NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 01:03:59.000 --> 01:04:08.700 Again, the research question was about borders. The process of how borders regulate 01:04:08.700 --> 01:04:11.100 psychological life. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 01:04:11.300 --> 01:04:17.500 These are images generated by the researcher. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 01:04:18.100 --> 01:04:28.800 So what means is these pictures that the researcher took while doing observation in 01:04:28.800 --> 01:04:31.300 different Urban spaces. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 90% (H?Y) 01:04:31.300 --> 01:04:35.800 So here you have three different kinds of borders. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 84% (H?Y) 01:04:38.500 --> 01:04:47.400 One is this one was on the door of a colleague at the university. The sign. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 80% (H?Y) 01:04:48.000 --> 01:04:50.850 And what is telling you? NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 01:04:50.850 --> 01:04:57.350 Is a set of rules of how to interpret my door as a border. 01:05:00.400 --> 01:05:03.100 The second one NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 74% (MEDIUM) 01:05:03.100 --> 01:05:14.000 is a table in Danish University. So back here, you have the table in the corridors, and usually the 01:05:14.000 --> 01:05:23.750 tables are for students who work in group. Okay, this one is exactly like any other table 01:05:23.750 --> 01:05:26.300 but has a border. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 77% (H?Y) 01:05:27.600 --> 01:05:36.600 ''Staff only'' is a border. It creates a border, it's a sign that creates a border. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 90% (H?Y) 01:05:37.100 --> 01:05:44.600 It's a sign, sign means, you know, every kind of sign. So, in the first case, you have one kind of 01:05:44.600 --> 01:05:54.850 sign, which is the sticker on the door, but the real sign that regulates the behavior, the real border 01:05:54.850 --> 01:06:03.000 is which one? The door or the sign or the combination between the two? So you see the 01:06:03.000 --> 01:06:07.650 door actually in some position, but how you interpret this? NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 87% (H?Y) 01:06:07.650 --> 01:06:17.200 If you combine with the sticker on the door, they become a sign that is guiding your 01:06:17.200 --> 01:06:26.149 behavior. So you behave, according to that sign. In the case of the table, 01:06:26.149 --> 01:06:33.600 the sign on the table is actually a guiding your behavior. So if you are a student you 01:06:33.600 --> 01:06:35.300 don't sit. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 01:06:35.400 --> 01:06:37.950 if you are staff, NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 89% (H?Y) 01:06:37.950 --> 01:06:47.200 and here it's interesting, because who is stuff? PhD students? They didn't know where if they 01:06:47.200 --> 01:06:51.100 could see it or not for instance. So every sign is ambivalent. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 01:06:51.100 --> 01:06:53.900 The third type of sign, NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 01:06:53.900 --> 01:07:01.000 again, regulating the behavior of whom? NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 86% (H?Y) 01:07:08.900 --> 01:07:16.100 This is a bus stop in the north of Denmark in the city center. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 89% (H?Y) 01:07:16.100 --> 01:07:22.800 So, who do you think somehow will be affected by this? NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 76% (H?Y) 01:07:30.400 --> 01:07:39.200 ''Stop Nazi Islamism'' NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 82% (H?Y) 01:07:42.600 --> 01:07:54.100 It's a of course, is kind of I think election advertisement from Neo-Nazi party, extreme 01:07:54.100 --> 01:08:01.400 right party in Denmark. Who calls there is the Islam, the Muslim people Nazi in rhetorically, 01:08:01.400 --> 01:08:06.900 -- is very interesting rhetorically if you perform a rhetorical analysis very interesting-- 01:08:06.900 --> 01:08:13.700 but it's apparently is made for Danish people to vote NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 01:08:13.700 --> 01:08:22.399 for this extreme right-wing party. So this is a message in that direction, but now 01:08:22.399 --> 01:08:26.799 imagine yourself as a Muslim waiting for the bus. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 01:08:26.799 --> 01:08:30.850 Would you use that bus stop or not? NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 83% (H?Y) 01:08:30.850 --> 01:08:33.600 And how will you feel? NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 80% (H?Y) 01:08:33.600 --> 01:08:43.300 So that sign becomes a border for Muslim person who wants to take the bus there. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 88% (H?Y) 01:08:43.300 --> 01:08:53.000 Okay, so you see how analyzing visual data you have here in this case you have an idea of the 01:08:53.000 --> 01:08:58.300 psychological functioning of borders in everyday life. So that's another kind of analysis you can 01:08:58.300 --> 01:08:59.750 perform. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 01:08:59.750 --> 01:09:02.700 Another example. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 84% (H?Y) 01:09:03.899 --> 01:09:07.200 This is photovoice. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 01:09:08.100 --> 01:09:20.100 More in detail. This is a study that I did in Italy with the student and we used 01:09:20.100 --> 01:09:29.700 photovoice to study the sense of the feeling of security and insecurity in the Urban Periphery. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 01:09:31.000 --> 01:09:39.200 For instancei how do you know when you go from the periphery to the center or from the center to the 01:09:39.200 --> 01:09:48.700 periphery? Imagine yourself walking or going by bus in Oslo? How do you know when you are passing 01:09:48.700 --> 01:09:50.899 into the periphery? NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 01:09:55.900 --> 01:09:58.800 How do you know it? NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 87% (H?Y) 01:10:05.200 --> 01:10:10.950 Do you see something for instance? Do you experience something? NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 01:10:10.950 --> 01:10:18.500 You probably will choose a point of reference and say, okay from NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 86% (H?Y) 01:10:20.300 --> 01:10:24.300 Gamle Oslo is a periphery. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 81% (H?Y) 01:10:30.900 --> 01:10:38.600 What's the Norwegian word for periphery? NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 83% (H?Y) 01:10:41.600 --> 01:10:49.000 Peripheric neighbourhoods, not the city center. Yeah, what's the 01:10:49.000 --> 01:10:56.650 Norwegian word? Suburbs? That would be another English word. Yeah, suburbs. 01:10:56.650 --> 01:11:04.900 Yeah, and usually suburbs are can be associated for instance, in some 01:11:04.900 --> 01:11:12.400 cases to sense of insecurity and safety. So we NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 86% (H?Y) 01:11:12.400 --> 01:11:18.900 studied this process. Because again, I was interested in understanding how people make sense 01:11:18.900 --> 01:11:28.600 of the sign in the urban space. So very simply, I asked a student I was supervising to 01:11:28.600 --> 01:11:32.950 walk around the town with a recorder and a camera. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 81% (H?Y) 01:11:32.950 --> 01:11:41.000 So she was she was just walking from the city center to the suburbs and every time she was 01:11:41.000 --> 01:11:49.000 experiencing something, she was recording while walking and taking pictures. So what you see here 01:11:49.000 --> 01:11:58.050 is an excerpt of her self recording and the picture that she took in that exact moment. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 83% (H?Y) 01:11:58.050 --> 01:12:06.900 Okay. So what was the experiment? The experiment was that when she was walking into certain kind of 01:12:06.900 --> 01:12:14.100 streets she started immediately to feel unsafe. Okay. So the idea was, why do you feel 01:12:14.100 --> 01:12:22.200 unsafe? What's there? Is it the people, is it the absence of people, is it the buildings, is it the light? 01:12:22.200 --> 01:12:28.450 You can not really say what it is, but you know that you feel unsafe in that. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 66% (MEDIUM) 01:12:28.450 --> 01:12:35.400 street. So we started study this and this is an example, for instance. She reports that she 01:12:35.400 --> 01:12:46.700 was walking in a neighborhood where she will feel uncomfortable. Because 01:12:46.700 --> 01:12:55.500 she was feeling to be observed by people, and this makes you feel uncomfortable or unsafe. 01:12:56.200 --> 01:12:58.400 Then what happens, NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 86% (H?Y) 01:12:58.400 --> 01:13:00.450 she sees a church NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 01:13:00.450 --> 01:13:05.900 in the distance and immediately her feeling changes. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 89% (H?Y) 01:13:06.300 --> 01:13:14.500 And she was able exactly to take the picture of the moment in which this was happening. Okay. So you 01:13:14.500 --> 01:13:21.750 see how powerful, how much information you get by combining the two modalities? The visual modality 01:13:21.750 --> 01:13:26.250 and the verbal modalities, in this case is a self-report. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 01:13:26.250 --> 01:13:45.050 Okay. Yeah, last example. So this one is an example of 01:13:45.050 --> 01:13:53.600 participant generated images. Okay. So the first ones were generated by collected, 01:13:53.600 --> 01:13:56.550 by the researcher. This one is produced by NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 86% (H?Y) 01:13:56.550 --> 01:14:01.700 the participant. This ones are existing images. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 01:14:02.600 --> 01:14:06.000 Existing images. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 01:14:07.700 --> 01:14:19.500 This one came from Germany during the Syrian refugee crisis. Do you remember it? Germany was the 01:14:19.500 --> 01:14:28.450 European country that somehow welcomed the highest number of Syrian refugees, right? 01:14:28.450 --> 01:14:37.950 There was a really complex situation there. Okay, so now and these are images taken NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 76% (H?Y) 01:14:37.950 --> 01:14:43.850 in different places where there were refugees. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 81% (H?Y) 01:14:43.850 --> 01:14:52.300 So if you look, analyze these images, what these images tell you? NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 01:14:55.300 --> 01:15:06.900 There is someone who created these images, right? And probably people who were related 01:15:06.900 --> 01:15:13.800 to the hosting of the refugees. Okay. These are three very different kind of images. The first 01:15:13.800 --> 01:15:22.400 one is a poster. The second one is something you find in the bathroom of a camp 01:15:26.500 --> 01:15:36.900 where the refugees were staying, and the third one is flyer, an information flyer for 01:15:36.900 --> 01:15:38.350 refugees. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 83% (H?Y) 01:15:38.350 --> 01:15:44.500 These three images, what they tell you? NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 77% (H?Y) 01:15:44.600 --> 01:15:47.900 How would you interpret them? NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 70% (MEDIUM) 01:15:56.300 --> 01:16:04.300 *student talking* NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 80% (H?Y) 01:16:04.300 --> 01:16:09.200 So you say that, the idea is 01:16:09.200 --> 01:16:19.700 that they are telling people to not behave in that way but implicitly they say this because 01:16:19.700 --> 01:16:26.049 someone must have behaved in that way before, right? NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 84% (H?Y) 01:16:26.049 --> 01:16:30.549 That's the way you interpret. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 71% (MEDIUM) 01:16:30.549 --> 01:16:44.600 *student talking* NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 83% (H?Y) 01:16:44.600 --> 01:16:52.549 Okay, if the sign exists before the refugees, yeah, okay. No, it was not here. 01:16:56.100 --> 01:17:07.500 Again, here we are talking about the sender perspective. So now we are discussing, what 01:17:07.500 --> 01:17:15.100 will be the intention of the person who wrote these messages. Now put yourself in the receiver 01:17:15.100 --> 01:17:20.200 perspective, the person who reads these messages. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 74% (MEDIUM) 01:17:23.800 --> 01:17:48.700 *student talking* NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 01:17:48.700 --> 01:17:51.900 Disturbing, right? *student continues talking* NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 73% (MEDIUM) 01:18:25.900 --> 01:18:35.900 Yeah, so just let me repeat. So, she's saying that from the point of view of the receiver. It can be 01:18:35.900 --> 01:18:42.600 somehow ambivalent because on one hand, you say ''oh, they are welcoming us. '' On the other hand 01:18:42.600 --> 01:18:51.200 you see this message. Somehow disturbing because you think ''so I do these things? '' 01:18:51.200 --> 01:18:52.900 right? NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 83% (H?Y) 01:18:53.100 --> 01:19:03.300 Prejudice. Yeah, that's one of the point. Exactly. You see how the image is 01:19:03.300 --> 01:19:12.200 open space for a lot of interpretation. So, of course you cannot rely only on one single image. 01:19:12.200 --> 01:19:21.250 So you have to always consider the whole of images together. Okay. So the first ''refugees are welcome'' 01:19:21.250 --> 01:19:22.400 okay. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 01:19:22.400 --> 01:19:25.400 And that's the official message. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 01:19:25.400 --> 01:19:34.400 You remember Angela Merkel say we welcome everyone. Right? So that's the official message. The 01:19:34.400 --> 01:19:42.800 second message, yeah of course it can be related to something that happened. Actually, we are 01:19:42.800 --> 01:19:45.950 not sure. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 89% (H?Y) 01:19:45.950 --> 01:19:56.700 If you analyze the message in detail, you 01:19:56.700 --> 01:19:58.750 see there are three languages. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 01:19:58.750 --> 01:20:00.550 Okay. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 01:20:00.550 --> 01:20:12.200 So these three languages already select some people. So this is a message to basically arab-speaking 01:20:12.200 --> 01:20:19.200 people. So it is not a general message. So it is assumed that those people may do 01:20:19.200 --> 01:20:20.700 this. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 01:20:20.900 --> 01:20:26.100 How many people from Syria do you know? NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 01:20:27.300 --> 01:20:30.000 Personally. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 81% (H?Y) 01:20:31.300 --> 01:20:40.500 One? So, you know a lot of people from Syria, right? NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 01:20:41.300 --> 01:20:47.400 Well, what is your representation of people from Syria? NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 01:20:47.700 --> 01:20:50.700 Of course, not that. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 86% (H?Y) 01:20:51.200 --> 01:20:58.700 That's exactly how some people in Germany imagine Syrian people. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 77% (H?Y) 01:20:58.900 --> 01:21:09.799 They have no idea what is Syria, right? They imagine this kind of uncivilized people. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 01:21:09.799 --> 01:21:21.200 But basically, a lot of the people that flew from Syria to Europe, they were middle 01:21:21.200 --> 01:21:28.300 class educated people, because also you need some money to fly to Europe. Otherwise, you just go in 01:21:28.300 --> 01:21:35.800 the countries around Syria if you don't have money, right? So this tells us something, the second 01:21:35.800 --> 01:21:39.650 one is even worse because it's a brochure, is a flyer. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 75% (MEDIUM) 01:21:39.650 --> 01:21:48.800 So they assume that, probably, I don't know if they think about Syrian people or Muslim people in 01:21:48.800 --> 01:21:54.500 general, that they hit the women and children. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 01:21:54.500 --> 01:22:02.800 So put yourself in the shoes of these people. '' What do you think we are? '' NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 88% (H?Y) 01:22:04.700 --> 01:22:14.350 In Norway, of course, there are abuses in the family, right? NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 80% (H?Y) 01:22:14.350 --> 01:22:23.900 That happens everywhere. Now imagine if I give away brochure, a flyer in Norwegian, in which I 01:22:23.900 --> 01:22:32.750 tell, ''you don't have to slap your wife and your kids'', Norwegian people will be kind of bit upset 01:22:32.750 --> 01:22:36.900 probably to see something like this circulating, right? NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 86% (H?Y) 01:22:36.900 --> 01:22:40.850 So why instead it's acceptable NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 01:22:40.850 --> 01:22:47.700 this general message to those people? NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 90% (H?Y) 01:22:47.700 --> 01:22:54.700 So you see how this the combination of these images that were circulating at the same time, in the 01:22:54.700 --> 01:23:04.800 same context gives you back a very ambivalent message from both from the point of view of 01:23:04.800 --> 01:23:13.800 the sender and the receiver, but also gives you an idea of the representation that was circulating 01:23:13.800 --> 01:23:18.650 in that moment in Germany about a specific category of people. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 82% (H?Y) 01:23:18.650 --> 01:23:27.800 But if you ask, if you interview someone in Germany who is working with refugees, will never tell 01:23:27.800 --> 01:23:34.200 you all these refugees are these and that, they will tell you ''Oh, we love them, they are wonderful. '' NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 01:23:34.200 --> 01:23:42.700 Right? So you see how working with images give you access to something beyond words. 01:23:42.700 --> 01:23:50.200 That's the point I would like to stress. So yeah, that was it for today. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 01:23:50.200 --> 01:23:52.700 Questions? NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 01:23:53.900 --> 01:26:26.300 *student asking question* 01:26:26.300 --> 01:26:49.000 Just to sum up, what you're saying is that this is not necessarily wrong 01:26:49.000 --> 01:26:49.500 because if NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 01:26:49.500 --> 01:27:00.350 there is somehow a real problem, so these are somehow addressing a real problem it can be 01:27:00.350 --> 01:27:08.200 correct to give or to do something or to do kind of campaigning on informing, educating people to not 01:27:08.200 --> 01:27:16.600 behave in that way, right? Like domestic violence. Of course it is correct. 01:27:16.600 --> 01:27:19.400 In this sense, I agree NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 89% (H?Y) 01:27:19.400 --> 01:27:24.900 with you. Okay, here there are two points. The first one is; NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 01:27:25.800 --> 01:27:31.350 how would you address this? NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 01:27:31.350 --> 01:27:42.100 If you had to communicate with Norwegian people would you use the same way 01:27:42.100 --> 01:27:48.300 of communicating or not? Because the way you choose to communicate tells something about your 01:27:48.300 --> 01:27:54.600 representation of the other, right? That's the first point. The second point is there is a very 01:27:54.600 --> 01:28:01.950 interesting question. Okay. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 01:28:01.950 --> 01:28:13.400 Have you ever been to kind of more exotic country like Japan or Turkey or the Balkans? NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 01:28:14.700 --> 01:28:17.400 Where have you been? NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 77% (H?Y) 01:28:18.500 --> 01:28:27.650 Student: I've been to is Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan. Luca: Okay, me too. I've been Uzbecistan a long time ago. 01:28:27.650 --> 01:28:40.400 Well, if you ever use toilets there and you haven't found something strange or different and don't 01:28:40.400 --> 01:28:42.400 know how to behave? NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 01:28:42.400 --> 01:28:52.650 It may happen. Let's make it funny. When you go to Japan, toilets have music. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 89% (H?Y) 01:28:52.650 --> 01:29:00.500 They're completely electronic. They have showers inside the toilet. Yeah, 01:29:00.500 --> 01:29:03.450 you can shower yourself. They have music. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 83% (H?Y) 01:29:03.450 --> 01:29:11.650 Because in Japan is considered really rude to hear the noises when you are in in the toilet, 01:29:11.650 --> 01:29:18.150 there is a volume so you can adjust, I'm not joking. 01:29:18.150 --> 01:29:25.000 The sound of waterfall or some birds, or some music. Okay. So imagine you enter 01:29:25.000 --> 01:29:34.250 there and you find this thing with a lot of buttons, like electronic things and say ''What should I do here? '' 01:29:34.250 --> 01:29:40.950 Well, we may find this funny, right? NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 86% (H?Y) 01:29:40.950 --> 01:29:50.200 So what's this telling us? It is telling that we are entering in a different cultural contexts, 01:29:50.200 --> 01:29:57.100 not only with different rules, but with different artifacts. Okay, and we can be very 01:29:57.100 --> 01:30:04.850 indulgent with this and say ''excuse me I am new''. So why it is not the opposite here? NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 01:30:04.850 --> 01:30:12.200 Why it's not the opposite here? We assume that the other, he is less civilized, not that the other is 01:30:12.200 --> 01:30:22.000 not familiar with the materials settling of a toilet in our country, for instance. So you see how 01:30:22.000 --> 01:30:28.600 different can be the interpretation of a similar phenomenon. Okay, of course, there is a problem as 01:30:28.600 --> 01:30:34.900 well, because one can feel indifferent difficult situation, but how our NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 01:30:34.900 --> 01:30:43.400 intrepetion of how that person is making meaning is different, and that's the real problem. Okay. 01:30:43.400 --> 01:30:51.000 Of course, domestic violence is a problem in some countries. Domestic abuse are huge problem in some 01:30:51.000 --> 01:30:58.500 countries and we can not even imagine which countries, which are not Turkey, it's Spain and United 01:30:58.500 --> 01:31:03.800 States... That's a huge, huge problem. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 85% (H?Y) 01:31:04.300 --> 01:31:15.600 Could we do this in the United States without being completely submerged by complaints of being 01:31:15.600 --> 01:31:19.050 racist or something like that? No, so why? NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 88% (H?Y) 01:31:19.050 --> 01:31:26.900 The problem is that if you are a Syrian refugee, you don't have voice to counter this and say, 01:31:26.900 --> 01:31:35.200 ''What do you think I am? '' Okay, so we have to look at all these more General issues of power and 01:31:35.200 --> 01:31:41.400 status in the society, it's not only a matter of solving the problem in that sense. Okay, so that was 01:31:41.400 --> 01:31:49.200 my comment. We are very late. So if you want to go just go. Kine, you have a comment? 01:31:49.200 --> 01:32:26.200 *Kine joining the discussion but the her voice is not detectable to AutoTekst*