WEBVTT Kind: captions; language: en-us NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 89% (H?Y) 00:00:01.400 --> 00:00:09.500 Welcome back to the third part and as I promised we will now talk a little bit 00:00:09.500 --> 00:00:16.200 about Malinowski's work more generally and the general theory of the gift which 00:00:16.200 --> 00:00:23.300 is perhaps the most important concept here in understanding. The theory of gift was developed 00:00:23.300 --> 00:00:30.500 predominantly by the French anthropologists and sociologists Marcel Mauss in the mid-1920s drawing 00:00:30.500 --> 00:00:31.700 upon NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 74% (MEDIUM) 00:00:31.700 --> 00:00:37.700 Recently published evidence so he drew very largely upon malinowski's work from the trobriand islands on the 00:00:37.700 --> 00:00:43.500 gift on the kula and draws on other examples in the Pacific as well and also over examples from 00:00:43.500 --> 00:00:49.900 around the world such as the Potlatch of Northwestern America that I mentioned earlier. Mauss takes 00:00:49.900 --> 00:00:55.600 all these different examples and pulls them together and says if we look beneath some of the 00:00:55.600 --> 00:01:01.600 differences between them is there an underlying set of principles that we can generalise from and 00:01:01.600 --> 00:01:01.950 Mauss NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 84% (H?Y) 00:01:01.950 --> 00:01:08.600 argues that there are and he calls the embodiment of these principles what he calls the gift and his 00:01:08.600 --> 00:01:14.600 essay on the gift published in the mid-1920s is a foundational text in developing anthropological 00:01:14.600 --> 00:01:21.800 Theories. So what are the fundamental characteristics of the gift as described by Mauss? well 00:01:21.800 --> 00:01:29.200 the gift is as he puts it reciprocal, you give a gift it demands reciprocity. We've talked about this 00:01:29.200 --> 00:01:32.250 in the previous section with various examples including the kula NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 89% (H?Y) 00:01:32.250 --> 00:01:37.700 and what's important to understand is that for Mauss it doesn't just simply imply one of reciprocity 00:01:37.700 --> 00:01:46.800 like I give you money you give me a laptop instead implies an ongoing reciprocity ongoing with 00:01:46.800 --> 00:01:50.100 reciprocal obligations with this customer. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 76% (H?Y) 00:01:50.100 --> 00:01:57.400 In addition this builds on some what we talked about earlier the gift is both inalienable and 00:01:57.400 --> 00:02:02.600 personify what does this mean? well the word alienation can mean all sorts of things but in an 00:02:02.600 --> 00:02:10.300 economical legal sense it can be to give up all rights to an object. So if I sell you 00:02:10.300 --> 00:02:17.600 something you give money and I so I sell you my laptop I alienate all rights to the laptop to you 00:02:17.600 --> 00:02:20.250 it's not like I sell it and go you know I NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 89% (H?Y) 00:02:20.250 --> 00:02:24.800 really got a deadline coming up and I need it on Sunday afternoon I can come back and take it then 00:02:24.800 --> 00:02:29.200 or you know but we still need to meet up for drinks every Fortnight afterwards you know whatever it 00:02:29.200 --> 00:02:36.200 might be, there's no enduring obligation on that side. I give up all of my rights to the object. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 78% (H?Y) 00:02:36.200 --> 00:02:43.400 Mauss argues following from things such as the kula examples the gifts are inalienable I 00:02:43.400 --> 00:02:48.300 might give the object I don't give up all connection to and indeed when I give a gift what I'm 00:02:48.300 --> 00:02:54.900 really doing is I'm giving a part of myself and that's what demands reciprocity when you receive a 00:02:54.900 --> 00:02:59.900 gift you know consciously or unconsciously I've given you a little bit of myself and that's why you 00:02:59.900 --> 00:03:04.600 need to get back and we're building a relationship between two of us where we give a part of our 00:03:04.600 --> 00:03:07.100 very Spirit along with the gift. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 00:03:07.100 --> 00:03:11.700 that means the gifts tend to be personified NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 87% (H?Y) 00:03:11.700 --> 00:03:17.600 as opposed to an ideal type commodity exchange where I don't care about the person I'm buying it 00:03:17.600 --> 00:03:21.300 from I might never know their name I might never meet them NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 88% (H?Y) 00:03:21.800 --> 00:03:29.800 a gift exchange is by its nature personified, I don't tend to give gifts of this kind to random 00:03:29.800 --> 00:03:35.900 strangers I might give a charity to a stranger but not a gift of this kind I 00:03:35.900 --> 00:03:43.200 don't for example send Christmas cards to people who I have no relationship with I might get a 00:03:43.200 --> 00:03:50.900 present from my grandmother and then give her a present back I don't shop around and start looking 00:03:50.900 --> 00:03:52.550 for other people's grandmothers NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 89% (H?Y) 00:03:52.550 --> 00:03:58.200 who I think might give me better presents, gift exchange doesn't work like that. It's about a 00:03:58.200 --> 00:04:04.800 particular enduring ongoing personal relationship. So the point of the gift for Mauss is that the 00:04:04.800 --> 00:04:12.250 exchange of specific objects creates relationships between specific persons creating therefore ties of 00:04:12.250 --> 00:04:16.350 ongoing reciprocal obligation NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 80% (H?Y) 00:04:16.350 --> 00:04:24.050 that is we put the kula one transaction never finishes is an ongoing obligation NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 89% (H?Y) 00:04:24.050 --> 00:04:30.600 and therefore because of all this the gift is most importantly what Mauss describes as a total social 00:04:30.600 --> 00:04:36.800 phenomenon it's not purely economic it doesn't have a purely economic motivation it's tied in with 00:04:36.800 --> 00:04:43.200 all sorts of other social and cultural values and functions as well so whereas when I go to Elkj?p 00:04:43.200 --> 00:04:48.700 And I buy a laptop yes there's legal stuff around it but essentially this is all about the economics 00:04:48.700 --> 00:04:51.600 or at least ideally speaking it is NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 87% (H?Y) 00:04:51.600 --> 00:04:59.000 gifts on the other hand have a moral basis, if you give me a gift and I don't reciprocate that's a 00:04:59.000 --> 00:05:04.600 failing of morality as much as it is a failing of Economics I proved myself to be a bad person I'm 00:05:04.600 --> 00:05:09.250 rejecting your offer of a friendship whatever it might be as a moral element. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 00:05:09.250 --> 00:05:17.100 It's legal as well in the sense not just simply it's tied in my legal rules but in many regards gift 00:05:17.100 --> 00:05:22.600 exchange takes the place that would otherwise be operated by particular forms of legal rights what 00:05:22.600 --> 00:05:27.100 do I mean by this? well if you take for example part of Papua New Guinea where I worked in and this 00:05:27.100 --> 00:05:33.300 is very common throughout New Guina your rights of access to land might be determined by your 00:05:33.300 --> 00:05:38.650 involvement and gift exchange cycles most land might be associated with a particular NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 89% (H?Y) 00:05:38.650 --> 00:05:44.100 Clan or a particular lineage, but you didn't just get to have rights to land and say I'm a 00:05:44.100 --> 00:05:48.800 member of this lineage I'm going to have this piece of land, the people in charge of the lineage 00:05:48.800 --> 00:05:55.000 would only let you use your own Clan land if you showed yourself is somebody who took part in these 00:05:55.000 --> 00:05:59.300 gift exchange cycles that made you a good person in other words it wasn't like a property right 00:05:59.300 --> 00:06:04.100 where you just held a piece of paper and said as a member of this clan I claim my right to 10% of 00:06:04.100 --> 00:06:08.799 the land your access to land as a legal right is tied in NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 82% (H?Y) 00:06:08.799 --> 00:06:12.850 with your involvement in gift exchange Cycles NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 84% (H?Y) 00:06:12.850 --> 00:06:19.000 we might argue there's certain similarities even in our own Society where your rights to certain kinds 00:06:19.000 --> 00:06:24.700 of services from the state or alight upon yourself paying taxes for example NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 88% (H?Y) 00:06:25.500 --> 00:06:29.650 the gift is also religious phenomenon NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 76% (H?Y) 00:06:29.650 --> 00:06:36.300 take for example the part of Papua New Guinea where I worked where most men even today 00:06:36.300 --> 00:06:41.900 become members of a secret men spiritual society that involves them 00:06:41.900 --> 00:06:50.700 entering into spiritual relationships with various ancestral spirits now they also take part in 00:06:50.700 --> 00:06:56.000 The society and be initiated into the society you need to involve yourself in various 00:06:56.000 --> 00:07:00.400 gift exchange cycles, you pay gifts to certain men and receive gifts from other people. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 78% (H?Y) 00:07:00.400 --> 00:07:05.700 it's tied in the gift. It's therefore tied in a political anthology with the family if you want 00:07:05.700 --> 00:07:12.950 to get married you have to pay what they call Bridewell for certain shells which are a gift to the 00:07:12.950 --> 00:07:20.100 to the bride's family and the odds are that the next Generation someone will get married if 00:07:20.100 --> 00:07:21.950 you like in the opposite direction NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 78% (H?Y) 00:07:21.950 --> 00:07:27.000 but the wife and the wife goes One Direction husband goes the other in one generation the Next 00:07:27.000 --> 00:07:31.800 Generation down they go back in the opposite direction, so in one generation woman goes one way and 00:07:31.800 --> 00:07:36.500 Shells go the other the Next Generation it goes back the other way in a way not that unsimilar to the 00:07:36.500 --> 00:07:42.100 way that necklacs go one way in the kula and our shells go the other. The point being that to 00:07:42.100 --> 00:07:47.500 make a family is not just an individual choice where I happen to meet someone I like and we get 00:07:47.500 --> 00:07:52.350 married it's tied in with these cycles of obligation across different clans NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 86% (H?Y) 00:07:52.350 --> 00:07:58.100 go across the generations and this is also therefore tied in the political authority because in the 00:07:58.100 --> 00:08:05.800 past traditionally most young men couldn't get enough shells to pay their own bride wealth to their's 00:08:05.800 --> 00:08:13.600 Wife's clan so they rely upon a big man who had access to shells to sponsor them the big man 00:08:13.600 --> 00:08:20.200 would give the shelves the young man get mad now the big man would never get those shells back is 00:08:20.200 --> 00:08:22.150 wasn't like a bank loan he wasn't hoping to NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 83% (H?Y) 00:08:22.150 --> 00:08:26.500 to get it back with interest at some point the end of his life the big man would have required lots 00:08:26.500 --> 00:08:33.200 of shells but he had given out as much as he taken in he might end with not that many shells stocked 00:08:33.200 --> 00:08:40.299 up of his own person but what he had built up was an army of followers think what we said 00:08:40.299 --> 00:08:44.800 earlier about the ways in which gift exchange is about building up Social relationships he would 00:08:44.800 --> 00:08:50.100 have all of these young men who were now obliged to him and that was the basis of his political 00:08:50.100 --> 00:08:52.200 leadership so political power was NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 81% (H?Y) 00:08:52.200 --> 00:08:57.300 also tied in gift exchange so this is what Mauss means when he says the gift is equals a total 00:08:57.300 --> 00:09:02.900 social phenomenon it embodies all sorts of other powers and social and cultural values other than 00:09:02.900 --> 00:09:06.750 pure economics so NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 84% (H?Y) 00:09:06.750 --> 00:09:13.200 this is what leads Mauss to talk about the so-called three obligations of the gift. First of 00:09:13.200 --> 00:09:18.400 all the obligation to give seems like most difficult to understand but essentially we're not 00:09:18.400 --> 00:09:24.700 atomized individuals according to Mauss we all have to make social relationships of enduring 00:09:24.700 --> 00:09:30.000 reciprocity and strength through other people to build our own life and to build a wider Society 00:09:30.000 --> 00:09:36.300 therefore we have the obligation to built to initiate and start relationships with other people and 00:09:36.300 --> 00:09:37.550 that's what the obligation to give NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 71% (MEDIUM) 00:09:37.550 --> 00:09:40.849 comes from the obligation to receive NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 00:09:40.849 --> 00:09:46.200 is a little bit more perhaps makes a little bit more immediate sense it doesn't mean that everybody 00:09:46.200 --> 00:09:51.600 always has to say yes to every gift they're offered. What it does mean is that if you want a 00:09:51.600 --> 00:09:59.850 relationship with someone if they offer you a gift you do have to receive it and if you turn it down 00:09:59.850 --> 00:10:05.500 you're basically turning down the relationship. If you meet someone in a bar and you want to become 00:10:05.500 --> 00:10:10.600 friends with them or maybe you want something even a little bit more and you offer them a drink NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 00:10:10.600 --> 00:10:16.200 and they turn that gift down then both you and them know exactly what they turned down as well 00:10:16.200 --> 00:10:21.700 they're turning down the possibility of exploring a future kind of relationship that you were hoping 00:10:21.700 --> 00:10:32.400 for. Likewise if you give me a Christmas card as a gift and I tear it up in front of your face and 00:10:32.400 --> 00:10:37.850 say I don't want your Bloody Christmas card then we both know what I'm saying about NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 72% (MEDIUM) 00:10:37.850 --> 00:10:42.900 the future possibility of you and me having a friendly relationship. So this is what Mauss means 00:10:42.900 --> 00:10:47.200 by the obligation to receive if you want to build a relationship with people we can't turn the gifts 00:10:47.200 --> 00:10:54.000 down and then finally as we discuss the obligation to reciprocate. Likewise if I gave you a Christmas card 00:10:54.000 --> 00:10:58.200 or you offer me a Christmas card or whatever it might be and then there's your obligation to 00:10:58.200 --> 00:11:03.100 reciprocate maybe buy me a drink back maybe you give me a Christmas card the next year whatever it 00:11:03.100 --> 00:11:08.400 might be so these are what Mauss describes as the three obligations of the gift. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 80% (H?Y) 00:11:08.400 --> 00:11:15.800 and here is Mauss summing up I'd say the fundamental basis of this Theory. Gifts are never totally 00:11:15.800 --> 00:11:21.900 separated from the men Who exchange them, and so the alliance contracted is not temporary and the 00:11:21.900 --> 00:11:27.600 Contracting parties are bound In Perpetual into the pendants but gift exchange unlike commodity 00:11:27.600 --> 00:11:34.100 exchange has a means of creating enduring relationships of obligation and mutual support between 00:11:34.100 --> 00:11:35.500 people. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 82% (H?Y) 00:11:35.800 --> 00:11:42.200 here following on is the anthropologist Chris Gregory who was probably the most famous theorist in 00:11:42.200 --> 00:11:48.800 economic anthropology and the most famous theorist of the gift since Marcel Mauss' time and here is a 00:11:48.800 --> 00:11:55.800 famous quote from Gregory's most famous work his book gift some Commodities published in 1922 and it sums 00:11:55.800 --> 00:12:02.100 up very clearly what a gift transaction desires is the personal relationships that the exchange of 00:12:02.100 --> 00:12:03.600 gifts creates NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 82% (H?Y) 00:12:03.600 --> 00:12:09.600 and not the things themselves, and we can think back to the previous section where we talked about the kula 00:12:09.600 --> 00:12:15.800 and you'll see the point he's making there. The kula is a specific 00:12:15.800 --> 00:12:21.300 example of a more general phenomenon that crosses across human cultures where people who are 00:12:21.300 --> 00:12:26.400 exchanging gifts aren't necessarily interested in the objects so much as they are in the making of a 00:12:26.400 --> 00:12:29.700 relationship through the exchange of objects NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 84% (H?Y) 00:12:30.500 --> 00:12:36.700 so this means Gregory to set up an ideal type distinction between gifts and commodities and this is 00:12:36.700 --> 00:12:40.600 Has been talked about I think a quite some length I think in Stewart Strathern piece so it's just worth 00:12:40.600 --> 00:12:46.800 summarizing it again. We see on the left or the fundamental aspects of the gift as its described in 00:12:46.800 --> 00:12:53.200 Mauss it creates reciprocal interdependence is inalienable personal it's the exchange of objects that 00:12:53.200 --> 00:12:58.300 creates relationships between people and it's a token social phenomenon and in many regards Gregory 00:12:58.300 --> 00:12:59.400 Argues we can see this as NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 86% (H?Y) 00:12:59.400 --> 00:13:04.900 like you know taking these examples from around the world the kula the Potlatch bringing them together 00:13:04.900 --> 00:13:10.900 to create an abstract idea that is if you like the opposite of the abstract idea of the commodity 00:13:10.900 --> 00:13:16.900 exchange that you find in Adam Smith. So the commodity is the complete opposite of what you see in 00:13:16.900 --> 00:13:24.100 the gift and vice versa. A commodity by contrast is based upon non-reciprocal independence I'm not 00:13:24.100 --> 00:13:29.100 interdependent at Elkj?p when I buy a laptop with them I'm an entirely independent transactor 00:13:29.100 --> 00:13:29.349 from NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 83% (H?Y) 00:13:29.349 --> 00:13:34.400 them at least as it's constructed on economic law and we just come together for this one 00:13:34.400 --> 00:13:43.100 moment the relationship is alienable and it's impersonal but Elkj?p do give up all rights to the 00:13:43.100 --> 00:13:48.300 laptop and they sell it to me at least ideally and none of the spirits of Elkj?p goes with it that 00:13:48.300 --> 00:13:53.800 makes me feel compelled to take Elkj?p out for a drink every two weeks afterwards it's in other words 00:13:53.800 --> 00:13:59.400 entirely impersonal I don't know the name of the guy who sold me the laptop ay Elkj?p NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 74% (MEDIUM) 00:13:59.400 --> 00:14:03.600 He might have had his name on a name tag but I forget it within 10 seconds of leaving the door I don't know 00:14:03.600 --> 00:14:08.950 the name of the chief executive of Elkj?p and nor do I care I just want NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 78% (H?Y) 00:14:08.950 --> 00:14:16.500 the laptop. In other words what this means is that the relationship is not really between two persons or 00:14:16.500 --> 00:14:22.450 me and the corporation of Elkj?p it's not between me and the sales person at elkj?p NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 76% (H?Y) 00:14:22.450 --> 00:14:30.600 the real relationship I might argue is between two objects Elkj?ps laptop and my money that's what 00:14:30.600 --> 00:14:36.800 the real relationship is is a relationship between those two objects and as such it doesn't really in the 00:14:36.800 --> 00:14:45.400 same way embody at least openly it doesn't embody certain forms of morality or law or family in the 00:14:45.400 --> 00:14:50.900 way that the gift as a token social phenomena is supposed to. So you see the Gregory sets up with an 00:14:50.900 --> 00:14:52.849 ideal type contrast now of course NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 81% (H?Y) 00:14:52.849 --> 00:14:57.100 In practice these two things are entirely intertwined with each other and sometimes the 00:14:57.100 --> 00:15:02.200 distinction between them is very very hard to grasp and we can see all sorts of transactions that 00:15:02.200 --> 00:15:07.200 might seem to be on the border between the two it's not the case that the world is divided up into 00:15:07.200 --> 00:15:12.700 two sets of things gifts and commodities and we can clearly see which is which but just like the 00:15:12.700 --> 00:15:17.850 trobriand Islanders sometimes wonder if that guy is really doing kula or was he really doing gimwali 00:15:17.850 --> 00:15:21.300 and they might morally contest it and argue about it NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 00:15:21.300 --> 00:15:29.100 the two opposite categories one might argue can sometimes be useful for making sense of a confusing 00:15:29.100 --> 00:15:36.000 situation but they are the underlying moral principles by which you make sense of a 00:15:36.000 --> 00:15:38.900 difficult and complicated world NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 83% (H?Y) 00:15:39.300 --> 00:15:47.200 So let me just show you an example NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 00:15:47.900 --> 00:15:54.300 what's important to understand here is that this is not therefore necessarily tied with the 00:15:54.300 --> 00:16:00.200 nature of the object, but an object any object potentially according to Gregory and potentially according 00:16:00.200 --> 00:16:06.000 to Mauss as well can be either a gift or a commodity depending upon its social context it's not the 00:16:06.000 --> 00:16:10.800 case that certain things on the whole gift certain things Commodities or in certain parts of the 00:16:10.800 --> 00:16:18.100 world people do gift and in other parts of the world people do commodity rather it's the case that 00:16:18.100 --> 00:16:18.600 it depends NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 85% (H?Y) 00:16:18.600 --> 00:16:26.800 on the social context how an object is valued and so let me illustrate this by pointing to this 00:16:26.800 --> 00:16:33.400 particular picture and it's a very very it's the best picture of this I could find anywhere so on has 00:16:33.400 --> 00:16:38.600 I can tell you cause you can barely see it. This is an example I think comes up in the Stewart piece 00:16:38.600 --> 00:16:45.900 these are people in the highlands of New Guinea doing a 00:16:45.900 --> 00:16:48.550 gift exchange ritual we've mentioned before known as NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 73% (MEDIUM) 00:16:48.550 --> 00:16:56.200 The moka and the moka has been studied by Andrew Strathern for over 50 years he began studying in 00:16:56.200 --> 00:17:02.600 the late 1960s and traditionally the moka was conducted with pigs and this is how the moka works 00:17:02.600 --> 00:17:08.599 the moka was a particular form of gift exchange with its own particular logic it was a competitive 00:17:08.599 --> 00:17:16.099 gift exchange system so how it would work would be the big man of particular Village would NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 80% (H?Y) 00:17:16.400 --> 00:17:20.599 say give the big man of the next village 20 pigs NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 00:17:21.099 --> 00:17:23.800 the next year NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 76% (H?Y) 00:17:23.800 --> 00:17:31.900 the big man of that Village might give back 30 he adds 10 on top, next year the first man 00:17:31.900 --> 00:17:38.300 gives 40 next year 50 comes back next year the first man gives 60 next year the other big man was 00:17:38.300 --> 00:17:44.900 supposed to give 70 but he can't give 70 pigs he fails and the first big man is the winner, and 00:17:44.900 --> 00:17:49.800 he's the winner because he's given away the most. He's lost the most Goods in many regards he's only 00:17:49.800 --> 00:17:54.500 collecting the goods together so we can disperse them to beat the other guy it is nothing NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 74% (MEDIUM) 00:17:54.500 --> 00:17:59.400 like a bank loan ways where he's hoping to get money back with all pigs back with interest quite the 00:17:59.400 --> 00:18:03.900 opposite he's giving to the other guy in the hope he never gets it back because then you can rub his 00:18:03.900 --> 00:18:06.200 face in it and go I'm the winner. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (H?Y) 00:18:06.800 --> 00:18:13.000 so this is a competitive gift exchange logic system which the logic gift exchange is used to create 00:18:13.000 --> 00:18:19.200 social hierarchy and is used to create power relationships that traditionally as I said this was 00:18:19.200 --> 00:18:26.200 done with pigs now in the late 1970s as the highlands of Papua New Guinea became incorporated into a 00:18:26.200 --> 00:18:31.800 kind of global political economic market system it was discovered that the climate and the soil 00:18:31.800 --> 00:18:36.400 there was perfect for growing of high-grade coffee and suddenly people who are NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 77% (H?Y) 00:18:36.400 --> 00:18:42.650 landowners began planting coffee plantations and making overnight going from having 00:18:42.650 --> 00:18:49.000 literally no money at all to making tens of thousands of dollars a month and many people predicted 00:18:49.000 --> 00:18:53.300 that this would lead to them becoming kind of been highly obsessed with consumption building big 00:18:53.300 --> 00:18:59.199 houses getting landcruisers buying big televisions whatever whatever it might be NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 75% (MEDIUM) 00:18:59.199 --> 00:19:05.100 and that it would lead to the death of exchange system such as the moka as people now concentrate 00:19:05.100 --> 00:19:07.500 more on making money. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 73% (MEDIUM) 00:19:08.000 --> 00:19:13.900 instead what many anthropologists including Chris Gregory who was working around Papua New Guinea at the same time 00:19:13.900 --> 00:19:18.850 observed was instead you had a gigantic explosion of gift exchange NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 88% (H?Y) 00:19:18.850 --> 00:19:24.900 and people took the money they were making on the global market and they transformed it into 00:19:24.900 --> 00:19:30.600 gifts they brought it into the gifted change system so what you see here on this bit of the picture 00:19:30.600 --> 00:19:37.800 is these men who were carrying these big gigantic wooden boards and all those wooden boards they've 00:19:37.800 --> 00:19:43.400 nailed or stuck or glued literally thousands and thousand thousands of dollar bills NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 74% (MEDIUM) 00:19:43.400 --> 00:19:51.400 and I am offering those as gifts to the opposing rival Clan or the opposing Rival Village alongside 00:19:51.400 --> 00:19:54.550 the pics in other words they've taken NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 90% (H?Y) 00:19:54.550 --> 00:20:01.000 the ultimate commodity on the global Marketplace money that they made by selling coffee and they've 00:20:01.000 --> 00:20:08.200 transformed it into a gift but even the most ultimate commodity banknotes can become turned into a 00:20:08.200 --> 00:20:14.500 gift in particular social context. So it's not the case that there are some things that are gifts and 00:20:14.500 --> 00:20:19.000 some things are Commodities and it's not the case that there are some people in the world who just do 00:20:19.000 --> 00:20:24.300 gift exchange and some people who will just do commodity exchange but if we accept this distinction 00:20:24.300 --> 00:20:24.900 between the two NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 84% (H?Y) 00:20:24.900 --> 00:20:31.500 As useful what is more interesting to think about is how the people and objects move between these 00:20:31.500 --> 00:20:36.900 different ways of exchanging and these different cultural values in different shifting social 00:20:36.900 --> 00:20:42.250 context and what it might also lead us to thinking NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 76% (H?Y) 00:20:42.250 --> 00:20:51.400 it's to what extent it even makes sense to think about the economy as a separate parts of society in 00:20:51.400 --> 00:20:53.650 the way they would conventionally do NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 83% (H?Y) 00:20:53.650 --> 00:21:00.500 but in fact these forms of exchange are intermingled and intertwined in all sorts of complicated and 00:21:00.500 --> 00:21:07.800 interesting ways but the laptop I buy at Elkj?p is a commodity when I buy it but maybe if I give it to 00:21:07.800 --> 00:21:13.400 my 16 year old son as a birthday present or Christmas present is part of me trying to build a 00:21:13.400 --> 00:21:18.150 relationship with him through gift exchange NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 73% (MEDIUM) 00:21:18.150 --> 00:21:25.900 maybe he'll do me a nice handwritten drawings or so who knows but the whole point being is that just 00:21:25.900 --> 00:21:30.500 as in Papua New Guinea example so does the same object and move between being 00:21:30.500 --> 00:21:36.100 commodity and gift in Norway or Britain as well so it's interesting to look at the ways in which 00:21:36.100 --> 00:21:41.200 things come in and out of being gifts or Commodities in different contexts and how we judge when 00:21:41.200 --> 00:21:45.700 it's appropriate to treat something as a gift or treat something as a commodity NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 89% (H?Y) 00:21:45.700 --> 00:21:53.400 and therefore to what extent can we really even think of the economy as a separate part of society 00:21:53.400 --> 00:22:00.000 that has its own particular rules when economic transactions are by their nature always entangle and 00:22:00.000 --> 00:22:06.800 tied in with other kinds of motivations such as honor or family or kinship or loyalty or trust or 00:22:06.800 --> 00:22:11.900 whatever it might be and in the final section is lecture will look a little bit at this issue of how 00:22:11.900 --> 00:22:13.500 economy NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 84% (H?Y) 00:22:13.500 --> 00:22:19.500 and other forms of social life seen as separate or how we might seems being tied together in 00:22:19.500 --> 00:22:21.200 different ways