John McMurry: Organic Chemistry, 7. ed., 2008 . Thomson, Brooks/Cole. ISBN:? 0-495-11628-9.
I tillegg til kapitlene i l?reboken som er angitt nedenfor, er laboratoriekurset pensum.
Kap. 3 Organic Compounds: Alkanes and their stereochemistry
- 3.1. Functional groups
- 3.2. Alkanes and alkane isomers
- 3.3. Alkyl groups
- 3.4. Naming alkanes
- 3.5. Properties of alkanes
- 3.6. Conformation of ethane
- 3.7. Conformation of other alkanes
Kap. 4 Organic Compounds: Cycloalkanes and their stereochemistry
- 4.1. Naming cycloalkanes
- 4.2. Cis-trans isomerism in cycloalkanes
- 4.3. Stability of cycloalkanes: Ring strain
- 4.4. Conformation of cycloalkanes
- 4.5. Conformation of cyclohexane
- 4.6. Axial and equatorial bonds in cyclohexane
- 4.7. Conformations of monosubstituted cyclohexanes
- 4.8. Conformational analysis of disubstituted cyclohexanes
- 4.9. Conformations of polycyclic molecules
Kap. 5 An Overview of Organic Reactions
- 5.1. Kinds of organic reactions
- 5.2. How organic reactions occur: Mechanisms
- 5.3. Radical reactions
- 5.4. Polar reactions
- 5.5. An example of a polar reaction addition of HBr to ethylene
- 5.6. Using curved arrows in polar reaction mechanisms
- 5.7. Describing a reaction: Equilibria, rates, and energy changes
- 5.8. Describing a reaction: Bond dissociation energies
- 5.9. Describing a reaction: Energy diagrams and transition states
- 5.10. Describing a reaction: Intermediates
Kap. 6 Alkenes: Structure and Reactivity
- 6.3. Naming alkenes
- 6.4. Cis-trans isomerism in alkenes
- 6.5. Sequence rules: The E,Z designation
- 6.6. Stability of alkenes
- 6.7. Electrophilic addition reactions of alkenes
- 6.8. Orientation of electrophilic addition: Markovnikov’s Rule
- 6.9. Carbocation structure and stability
Kap. 7 Alkenes: Reactions and Synthesis
- 7.1. Preparation of alkenes: A preview of elimination reactions
- 7.2. Addition of halogens to alkenes
- 7.5. Addition of water to alkenes: Hydroboration
- 7.7. Reduction of alkenes: Hydrogenation
- 7.8. Oxidation of alkenes: Hydroxylation and cleavage
Kap. 8 Alkynes: An Introduction to Organic Synthesis
- 8.1. Naming alkynes
- 8.2. Preparation of alkynes: Elimination reactions of dihalides
- 8.3. Reactions of alkynes: Addition of HX and X2
- 8.5. Reduction of alkynes
- 8.7. Alkyne acidity: Formation of acetylide anions
- 8.8. Alkylation of acetylide anions
- 8.9. An introduction to organic synthesis
Kap. 9 Stereochemistry
- 9.1. Enantiomers and the tetrahedral carbon
- 9.2. The reason for handedness in molecules: Chirality
- 9.3. Optical activity
- 9.4. Pasteur's discovery of enantiomers
- 9.5. Sequence rules for specifying of configuration
- 9.6. Diastereomers
- 9.7. Meso compounds
- 9.8. Racemic mixtures and the resolution of enantiomers
- 9.9. A review of isomerism
- 9.10. Stereochemistry of reactions: Addition of H2O to an achiral alkene
- 9.11. Stereochemistry of reactions: Addition of H2O to an chiral alkene
- 9.12. Chirality at nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur
- 9.13. Prochirality
- 9.14. Chirality in nature and chiral environments
Kap. 10 Organohalides
- 10.1. Naming alkyl halides
- 10.2. Structure of alkyl halides
- 10.3. Preparation of alkyl halides from alkanes: Radical halogenation
- 10.4. Preparation of alkyl halides from alkaenes: Allylic bromination
- 10.5. Stability of the allyl radical: Resonance revisited
- 10.6. Preparing alkyl halides from alcohols
- 10.7. Reactions of alkyl halides: Grignard reagents
- 10.8. Organometallic coupling reactions
- 10.9. Oxidation and reduction in organic chemistry
Kap. 11 Reactions of Alkyl Halides: Nucleophilic Substitutions and Eliminations
- 11.1. The discovery of the nucleophilic substitution reactions
- 11.2. The SN2 reaction
- 11.3. Characteristics of the SN2 reaction
- 11.4. The SN1 reaction
- 11.5. Characteristics of the SN1 reaction
- 11.7. Elimination reactions of alkyl halides: Zaitsev’s rule
- 11.8. The E2 reaction and the deuterium isotope effect
- 11.9. The E2 reaction and cyclohexane conformation
- 11.10. The E1and E1cB reactions
- 11.12. Summary of reactivity SN1, SN2, E1, E1cB and E2
Kap. 15 Benzene and Aromaticity
- 15.1. Sources and names of aromatic hydrocarbons
- 15.2. Structure and stability of benzene: Molecular orbital theory
- 15.3. Aromaticity and the Hückel 4n+2 rule
- 15.4. Aromatic ions
- 15.5. Aromatic heterocycles: Pyridine and pyrrole
- 15.6. Why 4n+2?
- 15.7. Polycyclic aromatic compounds: Naphthalene:
Kap. 16 Chemistry of Benzene: Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution - 16.1. Electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions:Bromination
- 16.2. Other aromatic substitutions
- 16.3. Alkylation and acylation of aromatic rings: The Friedel-Crafts reaction
- 16.4. Substituent effects in substituted aromatic rings
- 16.5. An explanation of substituent effects
- 16.6. Trisubstituted benzenes: additivity of effects
- 16.9. Oxidation of aromatic compounds
- 16.11. Synthesis of trisubstituted benzenes
Kap. 17 Alcohols and Phenols
- 17.1. Naming alcohols and phenols
- 17.2. Properties of alcohols and phenols
- 17.3. Preparation of alcohols: A review
- 17.4. Alcohols from reduction of carbonyl compounds
- 17.5. Alcohols from reaction of carbonyl compounds with Grignard reagents.
- 17.6. Reactions of alcohols
- 17.7. Oxidation of alcohol
Kap. 18 Ethers and Epoxides; Thiols and Sulfides
- 18.1 Naming and properties of ethers
- 18.2. Synthesis of ethers
- 18.3. Reactions of ethers: Acidic cleavage
- 18.4. Reactions of ethers: Claisen rearrangement
- 18.5. Cyclic ethers: Epoxides
- 18.6. Reactions of epoxides: Ring opening
- 18.8. Thiols and sulfides
Kap. 19 Aldehydes and Ketones: Nucleophilic Addition Reactions
- 19.1. Naming aldehydes and ketones
- 19.2. Preparation of aldehydes and ketones
- 19.3. Oxidation of aldehydes and ketones
- 19.4. Nucleophilic addition reactions of aldehydes and ketones
- 19.5. Nucleophilic addition of H2O: Hydration
- 19.6. Nucleophilic addition of HCN: Cyanohydrin formation
- 19.7. Nucleophilic addition of Grignard reagents and hydride reagents: Alcohol formation
- 19.8. Nucleophilic addition of amines: Imine and enamine formation
- 19.10. Nucleophilic addition of alcohols: Acetal formation
- 19.11. Nucleophilic addition of phosphorus ylides: The Wittig reaction
- 19.13. Conjugate nucleophilic addition of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes and ketones
Kap. 20 Carbocylic Acids and Nitriles
- 20.1. Naming carboxylic acids and nitriles
- 20.2. Structure and physical properties of carboxylic acids
- 20.3. Biological acids and the Henderson-Hasselbach equation
- 20.4. Substituent effects on acidity
- 20.5. Preparation of carboxylic acids
- 20.6. Reactions of carboxylic acids: An overview
- 20.7. Chemistry of nitriles
Kap. 21 Carboxylic Acid Derivatives and Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution Reactions
- 21.1. Naming carboxylic acid derivatives
- 21.2. Nucleophilic acyl substitution reactions
- 21.3. Nucleophilic acyl substitution reactions of carboxylic acids
- 21.4. Chemistry of acyl halides
- 21.5. Chemistry of acid anhydrides
- 21.6. Chemistry of esters
- 21.7. Chemistry of amides
Kap. 24 Amines and Heterocycles
- 24.1 Naming of amines
- 24.2 Properties of amines
- 24.3 Basicity of amines
- 24.4 Basicity of substituted arylamines
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