Literature marked with * is available in compendiums. # are books, and € are available online.
# Julia M.H. Smith, Europe after Rome: A New Cultural History, 500-1000 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005);
# Lawrence Nees, Early Medieval Art (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002);
# Peter Brown, Authority and the Sacred: Aspects of the Christianisation of the Roman World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005);
# Dhuoda, Handbook for William: A Carolingian Woman¡¯s Counsel for Her Son, trans. by Carol Neel (Washington, DC: The Catholic University of America Press, 1991).
*Jan Assmann, ¡®Introduction¡¯, in Cultural Memory and Early Civilization: Writing, Remembrance, and Political Imagination (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011), pp. 1¨C11 (11 pp.);
*Gerhart B. Ladner, ¡®Aspects of Mediaeval Thought on Church and State¡¯, in Images and Ideas in the Middle Ages, 2 vols (Rome: Edizioni di Storia e Letteratura, 1983), II, pp. 435¨C456 (22 pp.);
*Thomas F. X. Noble, ¡®Secular Sanctity: Forging an Ethos for the Carolingian Nobility¡¯, in Lay Intellectuals in the Carolingian World, ed. by Patrick Wormald and Janet Nelson (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011), pp. 8¨C36 (29 pp.);
*Janet L. Nelson, ¡®The Voice of Charlemagne¡¯, in Belief and Culture in the Middle Ages: Studies Presented to Henry Mayr-Harting, ed. by Richard Gameson and Henrietta Leyser (Oxford, 2001), pp. 76-88 (13 pp.).
*Leslie Brubaker, ¡®Icons and Iconomachy¡¯, in Blackwell Companion to Byzantium, ed. by Liz James (Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010), pp. 323¨C37 (15 pp.);
*Jas Elsner, Imperial Rome and Christian Triumph (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), pp. 145¨C165 (21 pp.);
*Dorothy Verkerk, ¡®Life after Death: The Afterlife of Sarcophagi in Medieval Rome and Ravenna¡¯, in Roma Felix ¨C Formation and Reflections of Medieval Rome, ed. by Carol Neuman de Vegvar and ?amonn ? Carrag¨¢in (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2007), pp. 81¨C96 (16 pp.).
*Alan Thacker, ¡®Rome of the Martyrs: Saints, Cults and Relics, Fourth to Seventh Centuries¡¯, in Roma Felix ¨C Formation and Reflections of Medieval Rome, ed. by Carol Neuman de Vegvar and ?amonn ? Carrag¨¢in (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2007), pp. 13¨C50 (38 pp.).
*Caroline Goodson, ¡®Building for Bodies: The Architecture of Saint Veneration in Early Medieval Rome¡¯, in Roma Felix ¨C Formation and Reflections of Medieval Rome, ed. by Carol Neuman de Vegvar and ?amonn ? Carrag¨¢in (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2007), pp. 51¨C79 (29 pp.);
*Gerd Althoff, Family, Friends and Followers: Political and Social Bonds in Early Medieval Europe, trans. Christopher Carroll (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), pp. 1¨C22, 136¨C59 (46 pp.);
*Michael M¨¹ller-Wille, ¡®Royal and Aristocratic Graves in Central and Western Europe in the Merovingian Period¡¯, in Vendel Period Studies. Transactions of the Boat-grave Symposium in Stockholm, February 2-3, 1981, ed. by J. P. Lamm and H.-?. Nordstr?m (Stockholm, 1983), pp. 109-16 (8 pp.);
*Klaus Randsborg, ¡®Kings' Jelling¡¯, in Nordic World: Prehistory to Medieval Times, ed. by Klaus Randsborg, Acta archaeologica, 79, Centre of World Archaeology Publications, 6 (Oxford, 2008), pp. 1-23 (23 pp.).
*Steven A. Stofferahn, ¡®Resonance and Discord: An Early Medieval Reconsideration of Political Culture¡¯, in Historical Reflections 36,1 (2010): 4¨C16 (13 pp.);
*Einhard, The Life of Charlemagne, in Charlemagne¡¯s Courtier: The Complete Einhard, ed. by Paul Edward Dutton (Broadview Press, 1998), pp. 15¨C39 (25 pp.);
*Martin Foys, ¡®Chapter 9. Media¡¯, in A Handbook of Anglo-Saxon Studies, ed. by Jacqueline Stodnick and Ren¨¦e R. Trilling (Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2012), pp. 133¨C148 (16 pp.);
*Will Straw, ¡®Embedded Memories¡¯, Residual Media, ed. by Charles R Acland (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2007), pp. 3¨C15 (13 pp.).
€ Soldiers of Christ: Saints and Saints¡¯ Lives from Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages. ed. by Thomas F.X. Noble and Thomas Head (University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1995), pp. 1¨C29 (29 pp.).
€ Mathew Innes, ¡®Memory, Orality and Literacy in an Early Medieval Society¡¯, Past and Present 158,1 (1998), 3¨C36 (34 pp.)
€ Stuart Airlie, ¡®Narratives of Triumph and Rituals of Submission: Charlemagne's Mastering of Bavaria¡¯, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 6th series 9 (1999), 93-119 (17 pp.)
€ Mayke de Jong, ¡®Ecclesia and the Early Medieval Polity¡¯, in Staat im fr¨¹hen Mittelalter, ed. by Stuart Airlie, Walter Pohl, and Helmut Reimitz (Vienna: ?sterreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2006), pp. 113¨C132 (20 pp.);
€ Roger Reynolds, ¡®Image and Text: A Carolingian Illustration of Modifications in the Early Roman Eucharistic Ordines¡¯, Viator 14 (1983), 59¨C82 (24 pp.)
€ Geffrey Koziol, ¡®Review Article: The Dangers of Polemic: Is Ritual Still an Interesting Topic of Historical Study¡¯, Early Medieval Europe 11 (2002), 367¨C88 (22 pp.)
€ Javier Arce, ¡®Imperial Funerals in the Later Roman Empire: Change and Continuity¡¯, in Rituals of Power: From Late Antiquity to the Early Middle Ages, ed. by Janet L. Nelson and Frans Theuws (Leiden: Brill, 2000), pp. 115-29 (15 pp.);
€ Howard M. R. Williams, ¡®Placing the Dead: Investigating the Location of Wealthy Barrow Burials in Seventh-Century England¡¯, in Grave Matters: Eight Studies of First Millennium A.D. Burials in Crimea, England and Southern Scandinavia, ed. by M. Rundkvist, British Archaeological Reports, British Series 781 (Oxford, 1999), pp. 57-86 (30 pp.);
€ Janet Nelson, ¡®Carolingian Royal Funerals¡¯, in Rituals of Power: From Late Antiquity to the Early Middle Ages, ed. by Janet L. Nelson and Frans Theuws, The Transformation of the Roman World, 8 (Leiden: Brill, 2000), pp. 131-84 (54 pp.);
Siegfried Zielinski, ¡®Introduction: The Idea of a Deep Time of the Media¡¯, in Deep Time of the Media: Toward an Archaeology of Hearing and Seeing by Technical Means, trans. by Gloria Custance (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2006), pp. 1¨C11 (11 pp.);