WEBVTT 00:00:00.000 --> 00:00:05.250 align:middle line:90% 00:00:05.250 --> 00:00:07.120 align:middle line:90% Hi, I'm Kayla. 00:00:07.120 --> 00:00:08.430 align:middle line:90% Hi, I'm Victor. 00:00:08.430 --> 00:00:10.320 align:middle line:90% And I'm the lab engineer. 00:00:10.320 --> 00:00:12.540 align:middle line:84% And in this section, we're going to talk 00:00:12.540 --> 00:00:16.050 align:middle line:84% about basic musculoskeletal biomechanics 00:00:16.050 --> 00:00:20.470 align:middle line:84% and how it applies to motion capture and movement analysis. 00:00:20.470 --> 00:00:23.550 align:middle line:84% The big thing that we're going to do is focus on vocabulary 00:00:23.550 --> 00:00:26.775 align:middle line:84% so we have the right language to talk about this. 00:00:26.775 --> 00:00:30.360 align:middle line:84% This is by no means a comprehensive class. 00:00:30.360 --> 00:00:35.160 align:middle line:84% It's just an introduction into the vocabulary and the words 00:00:35.160 --> 00:00:42.420 align:middle line:84% that we use during speaking about human biomechanics. 00:00:42.420 --> 00:00:46.500 align:middle line:84% Yeah, so it's just for you to have an introduction. 00:00:46.500 --> 00:00:48.840 align:middle line:84% And then you can look forward if you need more. 00:00:48.840 --> 00:00:52.590 align:middle line:84% And you can google things using these words that 00:00:52.590 --> 00:00:54.240 align:middle line:84% are the key concepts that you might 00:00:54.240 --> 00:00:59.190 align:middle line:84% need for your motion analysis and motion capture experiments. 00:00:59.190 --> 00:01:03.210 align:middle line:84% Yeah, so anatomy itself is simply just the study 00:01:03.210 --> 00:01:05.620 align:middle line:90% of the structure of the body. 00:01:05.620 --> 00:01:08.310 align:middle line:10% So we use common words in order to have 00:01:08.310 --> 00:01:13.650 align:middle line:10% the same language across all papers or talks or definitions 00:01:13.650 --> 00:01:14.517 align:middle line:10% or conferences. 00:01:14.517 --> 00:01:16.350 align:middle line:84% So the first thing we're going to talk about 00:01:16.350 --> 00:01:19.990 align:middle line:84% is putting Victor into what we call the anatomical position. 00:01:19.990 --> 00:01:22.450 align:middle line:84% So that's just our neutral body position. 00:01:22.450 --> 00:01:25.020 align:middle line:84% So as you see, his eyes are facing forward 00:01:25.020 --> 00:01:26.340 align:middle line:90% and his head is straight. 00:01:26.340 --> 00:01:30.210 align:middle line:84% His palms are casually at his side, facing inwards. 00:01:30.210 --> 00:01:32.730 align:middle line:84% And his feet are just barely shoulder width apart. 00:01:32.730 --> 00:01:36.600 align:middle line:10% And we use this just basic setup as a neutral body 00:01:36.600 --> 00:01:39.510 align:middle line:10% when we talk about the human body 00:01:39.510 --> 00:01:43.750 align:middle line:10% movement or static positioning. 00:01:43.750 --> 00:01:46.810 align:middle line:84% If you were, say, to be lying on the ground, 00:01:46.810 --> 00:01:50.410 align:middle line:84% do you know what the anatomical position on the ground is? 00:01:50.410 --> 00:01:51.130 align:middle line:10% I think so. 00:01:51.130 --> 00:01:55.360 align:middle line:10% OK, so when on the ground, Victor would actually 00:01:55.360 --> 00:01:57.490 align:middle line:10% be lying down and facing up. 00:01:57.490 --> 00:02:00.090 align:middle line:10% That's called supine. 00:02:00.090 --> 00:02:03.220 align:middle line:90% I can show you. 00:02:03.220 --> 00:02:08.699 align:middle line:84% So if you're talking about somebody lying on the ground 00:02:08.699 --> 00:02:12.150 align:middle line:84% or on a table or in a neutral position, 00:02:12.150 --> 00:02:14.910 align:middle line:84% that's the anatomical position on the ground. 00:02:14.910 --> 00:02:16.720 align:middle line:84% Got it-- all right, you can stand back up. 00:02:16.720 --> 00:02:17.460 align:middle line:90% Great. 00:02:17.460 --> 00:02:18.990 align:middle line:84% So now that we have the position, 00:02:18.990 --> 00:02:22.140 align:middle line:84% we're going to talk about directional terms. 00:02:22.140 --> 00:02:24.810 align:middle line:84% So we're not talking like north, south, east, west-- 00:02:24.810 --> 00:02:26.620 align:middle line:90% more of in a body. 00:02:26.620 --> 00:02:30.210 align:middle line:10% So Victor has these lovely arrows 00:02:30.210 --> 00:02:34.476 align:middle line:10% that we can use to demonstrate what's going on. 00:02:34.476 --> 00:02:37.260 align:middle line:10% You can see these also in any anatomical textbooks. 00:02:37.260 --> 00:02:39.220 align:middle line:84% But sometimes it's easier to look at a body. 00:02:39.220 --> 00:02:44.200 align:middle line:84% So first we're going to talk about is medial-lateral. 00:02:44.200 --> 00:02:46.270 align:middle line:90% That's-- yep, there you go. 00:02:46.270 --> 00:02:49.120 align:middle line:10% OK, so medial-lateral is in that direction. 00:02:49.120 --> 00:02:53.350 align:middle line:10% And it's towards his midline and then away from his midline-- 00:02:53.350 --> 00:02:57.710 align:middle line:10% so medial, mid, lateral, away. 00:02:57.710 --> 00:03:01.390 align:middle line:10% Awesome, and if it's not in his body, 00:03:01.390 --> 00:03:03.920 align:middle line:10% you can do medial to something. 00:03:03.920 --> 00:03:06.880 align:middle line:10% So if his palm is out, it could be 00:03:06.880 --> 00:03:11.110 align:middle line:10% medial to the midline of that specific step. 00:03:11.110 --> 00:03:13.030 align:middle line:10% The next is that first one we did, 00:03:13.030 --> 00:03:15.080 align:middle line:10% anterior-posterior direction. 00:03:15.080 --> 00:03:16.780 align:middle line:90% So that's on his side. 00:03:16.780 --> 00:03:19.180 align:middle line:84% And we go anterior is towards the front. 00:03:19.180 --> 00:03:23.260 align:middle line:84% And posterior is towards the back. 00:03:23.260 --> 00:03:28.450 align:middle line:10% The next one we're going to talk about is superficial and deep. 00:03:28.450 --> 00:03:30.460 align:middle line:10% Can you do that? 00:03:30.460 --> 00:03:32.740 align:middle line:10% Yeah, awesome-- so superficial and deep 00:03:32.740 --> 00:03:35.080 align:middle line:10% is towards the inside of your body and outside. 00:03:35.080 --> 00:03:36.790 align:middle line:10% So superficial is on the outside. 00:03:36.790 --> 00:03:38.590 align:middle line:10% And deep is inside your body. 00:03:38.590 --> 00:03:40.390 align:middle line:10% That's a little harder to picture 00:03:40.390 --> 00:03:43.330 align:middle line:10% because we're not going to cut him open. 00:03:43.330 --> 00:03:47.350 align:middle line:10% Now we're going to do superior-inferior. 00:03:47.350 --> 00:03:50.050 align:middle line:10% Superior is up, and inferior is below. 00:03:50.050 --> 00:03:53.200 align:middle line:10% And in general, we use kind of the belly button region 00:03:53.200 --> 00:03:54.760 align:middle line:10% as that neutral point. 00:03:54.760 --> 00:03:59.980 align:middle line:10% So when we're going to talk about above and below or any 00:03:59.980 --> 00:04:01.600 align:middle line:10% other terms, that belly button tends 00:04:01.600 --> 00:04:04.930 align:middle line:10% to be that origin section. 00:04:04.930 --> 00:04:06.310 align:middle line:10% Those are our basic terms. 00:04:06.310 --> 00:04:08.980 align:middle line:10% There are a lot of other directional terms that we use. 00:04:08.980 --> 00:04:14.140 align:middle line:10% But those are the most basic used to describe your body 00:04:14.140 --> 00:04:16.130 align:middle line:10% positioning. 00:04:16.130 --> 00:04:22.220 align:middle line:10% All right, now that's his static position when he's stationary. 00:04:22.220 --> 00:04:25.290 align:middle line:10% Now we're going to get into a little bit more about movement. 00:04:25.290 --> 00:04:27.180 align:middle line:10% But before we talk about movement, 00:04:27.180 --> 00:04:29.540 align:middle line:10% we're going to talk about the musculoskeletal system. 00:04:29.540 --> 00:04:31.580 align:middle line:84% Do you know what the musculoskeletal system is? 00:04:31.580 --> 00:04:32.390 align:middle line:90% I do. 00:04:32.390 --> 00:04:34.815 align:middle line:84% Yeah, do you want to tell them about it or should I? 00:04:34.815 --> 00:04:35.690 align:middle line:90% You should tell them. 00:04:35.690 --> 00:04:37.130 align:middle line:10% OK, great. 00:04:37.130 --> 00:04:39.440 align:middle line:10% So the musculo-- when we talk about anatomy itself, 00:04:39.440 --> 00:04:42.260 align:middle line:10% we can talk about regional or systemic. 00:04:42.260 --> 00:04:44.510 align:middle line:10% Your regions are things like your head 00:04:44.510 --> 00:04:46.580 align:middle line:10% is a region of your body. 00:04:46.580 --> 00:04:51.800 align:middle line:10% And systemic are things like your cardiovascular system, 00:04:51.800 --> 00:04:54.170 align:middle line:10% that system that pumps blood through your body. 00:04:54.170 --> 00:04:56.300 align:middle line:84% What we're going to talk about in this 00:04:56.300 --> 00:04:59.220 align:middle line:84% is what most applies to movement analysis 00:04:59.220 --> 00:05:01.970 align:middle line:90% is our musculoskeletal system. 00:05:01.970 --> 00:05:05.060 align:middle line:84% And that's actually two words because it's two systems 00:05:05.060 --> 00:05:06.500 align:middle line:90% that we're merging into one. 00:05:06.500 --> 00:05:09.980 align:middle line:84% That first musculo is your muscular system 00:05:09.980 --> 00:05:12.380 align:middle line:84% as it applies to skeletal muscle. 00:05:12.380 --> 00:05:14.960 align:middle line:84% So your heart is a muscle, but we're 00:05:14.960 --> 00:05:17.450 align:middle line:84% talking about the muscles that move your body. 00:05:17.450 --> 00:05:21.530 align:middle line:84% And then your skeletal system is just as it sounds. 00:05:21.530 --> 00:05:23.300 align:middle line:90% It is your bones. 00:05:23.300 --> 00:05:24.860 align:middle line:90% But it's a bit more than that. 00:05:24.860 --> 00:05:28.880 align:middle line:84% Your skeleton is actually that scaffold of your body. 00:05:28.880 --> 00:05:32.870 align:middle line:84% It provides that form and structure 00:05:32.870 --> 00:05:38.240 align:middle line:84% that allows your body to not just flop around on the ground. 00:05:38.240 --> 00:05:41.750 align:middle line:90% So it is comprised of bones. 00:05:41.750 --> 00:05:45.000 align:middle line:84% Do you know something else in your skeletal system? 00:05:45.000 --> 00:05:45.870 align:middle line:90% Ligaments. 00:05:45.870 --> 00:05:49.420 align:middle line:84% Yup, ligaments and tendons and joints-- 00:05:49.420 --> 00:05:51.300 align:middle line:84% so all of that connective tissue that helps 00:05:51.300 --> 00:05:53.700 align:middle line:84% form that base structure of those 00:05:53.700 --> 00:05:57.930 align:middle line:84% skeletons that you may have been for, I don't know, Halloween. 00:05:57.930 --> 00:06:00.450 align:middle line:84% So you can't see your skeleton because it's 00:06:00.450 --> 00:06:02.130 align:middle line:90% beneath all of this. 00:06:02.130 --> 00:06:05.400 align:middle line:84% But big important parts that we talk about with human movement 00:06:05.400 --> 00:06:06.930 align:middle line:84% is how do we get to that skeleton 00:06:06.930 --> 00:06:08.830 align:middle line:84% because that is that base of the skeleton. 00:06:08.830 --> 00:06:12.120 align:middle line:84% So your bones have these really fun things on them. 00:06:12.120 --> 00:06:15.360 align:middle line:90% They're called bony landmarks. 00:06:15.360 --> 00:06:18.270 align:middle line:84% Now you think about landmark, you might think on a map, 00:06:18.270 --> 00:06:19.860 align:middle line:90% like a mountain. 00:06:19.860 --> 00:06:21.520 align:middle line:90% It's a similar concept. 00:06:21.520 --> 00:06:25.450 align:middle line:84% So your bony landmarks actually all have names to them. 00:06:25.450 --> 00:06:29.880 align:middle line:84% So when you look at bones, say, your elbow, 00:06:29.880 --> 00:06:34.740 align:middle line:84% that bony part that protrudes actually has a specific name 00:06:34.740 --> 00:06:38.070 align:middle line:84% to it along with all of these other, 00:06:38.070 --> 00:06:41.730 align:middle line:84% say, little things that you can see outside of your body. 00:06:41.730 --> 00:06:43.410 align:middle line:84% When we talk about human movement, 00:06:43.410 --> 00:06:46.380 align:middle line:84% usually try different strategies for how 00:06:46.380 --> 00:06:50.430 align:middle line:84% to track the movement of the landmarks themselves. 00:06:50.430 --> 00:06:53.310 align:middle line:84% Do you know the name of any bony landmarks? 00:06:53.310 --> 00:06:55.710 align:middle line:84% No, I cannot come up with any now. 00:06:55.710 --> 00:06:58.530 align:middle line:84% OK, so if you want to follow along with me, 00:06:58.530 --> 00:07:01.470 align:middle line:84% a simple one to find is a very commonly used one. 00:07:01.470 --> 00:07:06.460 align:middle line:10% If you take your thumbs and go to the top of your hips, 00:07:06.460 --> 00:07:09.900 align:middle line:10% and then that pelvic muscle, and then trace all the way down 00:07:09.900 --> 00:07:14.640 align:middle line:10% to the front, you'll actually feel this point sticking out. 00:07:14.640 --> 00:07:16.260 align:middle line:90% That's got a lot of words to it. 00:07:16.260 --> 00:07:18.300 align:middle line:84% And some of it we've just talked about. 00:07:18.300 --> 00:07:20.020 align:middle line:90% That is the anterior-- 00:07:20.020 --> 00:07:22.050 align:middle line:90% remember, we talked about that-- 00:07:22.050 --> 00:07:29.860 align:middle line:84% superior, so in front and above, anterior superior iliac spine. 00:07:29.860 --> 00:07:32.490 align:middle line:84% So that's a commonly used bony landmark 00:07:32.490 --> 00:07:37.500 align:middle line:84% to track the movement of that pelvic structure. 00:07:37.500 --> 00:07:41.400 align:middle line:10% All right, so another thing that is part of this skeletal system 00:07:41.400 --> 00:07:43.560 align:middle line:10% is your joints. 00:07:43.560 --> 00:07:45.360 align:middle line:10% Could you name a joint for me? 00:07:45.360 --> 00:07:46.080 align:middle line:90% The elbow. 00:07:46.080 --> 00:07:48.600 align:middle line:84% The elbow, awesome-- so your elbow, what do you think? 00:07:48.600 --> 00:07:51.120 align:middle line:90% And your elbow is a joint. 00:07:51.120 --> 00:07:52.020 align:middle line:90% Shoulder is a joint. 00:07:52.020 --> 00:07:53.620 align:middle line:84% There's a lot of joints in your body. 00:07:53.620 --> 00:07:55.120 align:middle line:84% We're not going to name all of them. 00:07:55.120 --> 00:07:56.370 align:middle line:90% Those can be in books. 00:07:56.370 --> 00:07:58.530 align:middle line:84% The biggest thing about joints is they all 00:07:58.530 --> 00:08:00.540 align:middle line:84% have different forms, which means they all 00:08:00.540 --> 00:08:01.810 align:middle line:90% have different functions. 00:08:01.810 --> 00:08:04.578 align:middle line:84% So your shoulder moves different than your elbow, 00:08:04.578 --> 00:08:06.120 align:middle line:84% moves different from those bones that 00:08:06.120 --> 00:08:07.245 align:middle line:90% are connected in your head. 00:08:07.245 --> 00:08:09.750 align:middle line:90% 00:08:09.750 --> 00:08:12.880 align:middle line:84% And so from a joint motion perspective, 00:08:12.880 --> 00:08:15.400 align:middle line:84% we actually need muscles to move your joints. 00:08:15.400 --> 00:08:19.710 align:middle line:84% So your muscles are your skeletal muscles themselves. 00:08:19.710 --> 00:08:22.740 align:middle line:84% They are responsible for the movement as well as 00:08:22.740 --> 00:08:25.140 align:middle line:84% actually insulation of those joints and bones. 00:08:25.140 --> 00:08:31.560 align:middle line:84% So when a muscle contracts or fires, it actually shortens. 00:08:31.560 --> 00:08:33.159 align:middle line:90% Muscles pull and not push. 00:08:33.159 --> 00:08:36.700 align:middle line:84% So if you watch your bicep, when it contracts, 00:08:36.700 --> 00:08:40.409 align:middle line:84% it actually bumps up and shortens and pulls that forearm 00:08:40.409 --> 00:08:43.080 align:middle line:90% into your arm. 00:08:43.080 --> 00:08:47.160 align:middle line:84% So movement itself, there's a few major movement types. 00:08:47.160 --> 00:08:49.230 align:middle line:84% Like we had talked about with directions, 00:08:49.230 --> 00:08:53.520 align:middle line:84% there's actually words for movement in those directions. 00:08:53.520 --> 00:08:56.180 align:middle line:84% So if we're going to focus on, say, Victor's hip, 00:08:56.180 --> 00:08:58.130 align:middle line:84% because that's a little easier one to look at. 00:08:58.130 --> 00:09:03.770 align:middle line:84% If he moves his hip, say, in flexion and extension-- 00:09:03.770 --> 00:09:06.690 align:middle line:90% all right, so that's his back. 00:09:06.690 --> 00:09:07.190 align:middle line:90% Oh. 00:09:07.190 --> 00:09:09.530 align:middle line:90% Yeah, yeah, hip joint. 00:09:09.530 --> 00:09:10.460 align:middle line:90% Oh. 00:09:10.460 --> 00:09:13.960 align:middle line:90% Yeah, flexion and extension-- 00:09:13.960 --> 00:09:17.720 align:middle line:84% all right, so flexion and extension, many of your joints 00:09:17.720 --> 00:09:18.220 align:middle line:90% do this. 00:09:18.220 --> 00:09:22.480 align:middle line:84% It's that anterior-posterior movement that 00:09:22.480 --> 00:09:26.350 align:middle line:90% changes the angle of the joint. 00:09:26.350 --> 00:09:28.930 align:middle line:84% Now the other one that you might not have heard of as 00:09:28.930 --> 00:09:31.870 align:middle line:84% frequently is called A-B-duction, abduction, 00:09:31.870 --> 00:09:34.450 align:middle line:90% and A-D-duction, adduction. 00:09:34.450 --> 00:09:37.120 align:middle line:84% It's a little harder to hear verbally. 00:09:37.120 --> 00:09:41.620 align:middle line:84% The way that I remember is ad, is you go add to your body, 00:09:41.620 --> 00:09:44.680 align:middle line:84% and ab, you go away from your body. 00:09:44.680 --> 00:09:48.130 align:middle line:84% So it's making that snow angel movement. 00:09:48.130 --> 00:09:50.790 align:middle line:90% 00:09:50.790 --> 00:09:54.090 align:middle line:84% Then there's another one that's a little easier 00:09:54.090 --> 00:09:55.380 align:middle line:90% to visualise on video. 00:09:55.380 --> 00:09:57.070 align:middle line:90% And that's rotation. 00:09:57.070 --> 00:10:00.430 align:middle line:84% So we have internal and external rotation. 00:10:00.430 --> 00:10:03.470 align:middle line:84% So if you move your arm internally, 00:10:03.470 --> 00:10:05.180 align:middle line:90% those move towards you. 00:10:05.180 --> 00:10:08.015 align:middle line:84% And externally moves away from you. 00:10:08.015 --> 00:10:09.890 align:middle line:84% When you add all these together, you actually 00:10:09.890 --> 00:10:12.110 align:middle line:84% get this beautiful circumduction movement. 00:10:12.110 --> 00:10:16.340 align:middle line:84% So it's a combination of that anterior-posterior movement 00:10:16.340 --> 00:10:21.860 align:middle line:84% of flexion-extension, as well as that rotation and that 00:10:21.860 --> 00:10:23.050 align:middle line:90% A-B/A-D-duction. 00:10:23.050 --> 00:10:26.060 align:middle line:84% So that gets all in that big movement 00:10:26.060 --> 00:10:29.660 align:middle line:84% that your shoulder can do so lovely. 00:10:29.660 --> 00:10:33.570 align:middle line:84% The last one we're going to talk about is specific types. 00:10:33.570 --> 00:10:37.460 align:middle line:84% So for example, dorsiplant and plantar flexion 00:10:37.460 --> 00:10:40.790 align:middle line:84% is used specifically for that ankle joint. 00:10:40.790 --> 00:10:46.220 align:middle line:84% Or if we talk about supination and pronation, 00:10:46.220 --> 00:10:50.850 align:middle line:84% those are usually just used for your hands or your feet. 00:10:50.850 --> 00:10:54.080 align:middle line:10% So those are just kind of major terms. 00:10:54.080 --> 00:10:56.010 align:middle line:10% There are lists and tables of these. 00:10:56.010 --> 00:10:58.640 align:middle line:10% But when we talk about movement analysis, making sure 00:10:58.640 --> 00:11:02.690 align:middle line:10% we use those right ways to describe them. 00:11:02.690 --> 00:11:05.060 align:middle line:10% All right, is there anything you'd like to add? 00:11:05.060 --> 00:11:07.940 align:middle line:10% Just that you don't have to memorise this now. 00:11:07.940 --> 00:11:10.640 align:middle line:84% But this is important to know that there is this terminology. 00:11:10.640 --> 00:11:12.320 align:middle line:84% And this is how you will find things. 00:11:12.320 --> 00:11:15.770 align:middle line:84% If you are wondering about other research, 00:11:15.770 --> 00:11:17.383 align:middle line:84% this is how things should be described 00:11:17.383 --> 00:11:18.300 align:middle line:90% and will be described. 00:11:18.300 --> 00:11:20.720 align:middle line:84% So this is how you look for things with this type of terms 00:11:20.720 --> 00:11:21.960 align:middle line:90% and with this terminology. 00:11:21.960 --> 00:11:23.460 align:middle line:84% So this will help you in the future. 00:11:23.460 --> 00:11:27.080 align:middle line:84% And this will help you to read more about your experiments, 00:11:27.080 --> 00:11:29.450 align:middle line:84% to plan your experiments better, and to be more 00:11:29.450 --> 00:11:32.090 align:middle line:90% consistent in your reporting. 00:11:32.090 --> 00:11:33.583 align:middle line:84% So later on in this section, we're 00:11:33.583 --> 00:11:35.750 align:middle line:84% going to have an article that will have a little bit 00:11:35.750 --> 00:11:38.270 align:middle line:84% more explanation as well as expand 00:11:38.270 --> 00:11:42.170 align:middle line:84% on more anatomy knowledge such as different parts 00:11:42.170 --> 00:11:43.670 align:middle line:90% of your body. 00:11:43.670 --> 00:11:45.710 align:middle line:84% And there will also be other resources 00:11:45.710 --> 00:11:50.570 align:middle line:84% for where you can find additional information. 00:11:50.570 --> 00:11:51.740 align:middle line:90% Yeah. 00:11:51.740 --> 00:11:54.840 align:middle line:84% So all right, that's all we have for now. 00:11:54.840 --> 00:11:56.620 align:middle line:90% We'll see you later. 00:11:56.620 --> 00:12:05.000 align:middle line:90%