Internt ukentlig nyhetsbrev med aktuelle nyheter ved Institutt for offentlig rett
Positiv bed?mmelse - Lillian B?ylestad?
Stipendiat Lillian B?ylestad har mottatt positiv bed?mmelse p? sin doktorgradsavhandling: "Regler og rutiner hos politi og helsevesen ved uventede d?dsfall hos sm? barn En rettslig og empirisk unders?kelse". Lillian er ekstern stipendiat hos oss med tilknytning til OUS og Politih?gskolen.
Dato for disputas blir 20.januar 2026.
Vi gratulerer!
Instituttlunsj: Teaching National Security Law - A Challenge Ahead of Us or an Unnecessary Distraction?"
As we live in times where security debates have begun framing the political and societal life, a question arises: should legal science and the law faculties pay attention to the teaching of national security law?
Long taught in US law schools, this sub-field of law at the intersection of constitutional law, civil liberties, international law, and security studies is increasingly present (and funded) in research, yet undertaught in classrooms. This talk will explore the challenges of teaching national security law, its mapping, and the challenges regarding its conceptualization.
Nedim Hogic is a Research Fellow with the University of Oslo's Faculty of Law. His academic interests include corruption, the rule of law, EU law, international law, negotiation, peacebuilding and Western Balkans politics.
Tid og sted: 2. des. 2025 12:00 – 13:00, Castbergs bibliotek, DB
Masteravhandling unders?ker n?r foreldreskap b?r etableres etter surrogati
Ingvill Gj?seter Knutsen har skrevet masteravhandlingen ?N?r kan og n?r b?r foreldreskap etableres etter et surrogatiarrangement? En kvinnerettslig, menneskerettslig og rettsdogmatisk analyse av den norske tiln?rmingen til foreldreskap ved surrogati?.
Avhandlingen tar utgangspunkt i at surrogati som reproduksjonsform er helt avhengig av en kvinnekropp, og at risiko og byrder i hovedsak b?res av kvinner. Gjennom en kombinert kvinnerettslig, menneskerettslig og rettsdogmatisk analyse viser Knutsen hvordan internasjonale autoritative kilder og domstolsavgj?relser likevel ofte tenderer til ? usynliggj?re surrogatmorens rettigheter.
Avhandlingen retter dermed et kritisk blikk mot dagens norske tiln?rming til etablering av foreldreskap etter surrogati og belyser behovet for tydeligere vern av surrogatkvinners interesser i b?de nasjonale og internasjonale rettskilder.
E?S i sentrum: Kan E?S-regler gi deltidsansatte mer l?nn?
EU-domstolen har nylig vist at EU-regler gir deltidsansatte rett til overtidsbetaling. Hvilke konsekvenser f?r disse reglene for norske arbeidstagere og arbeidsgivere?
Tid og sted: 3. des. 2025 16:00 – 17:30, Scene Domus Bibliotheca
Ny bok f?r str?lende omtale i Nordic Journal of Human Rights
Den nye open access-boken Nordic Equality and Anti-Discrimination Laws in the Throes of Change. Legal Developments in Sweden, Finland, Norway and Iceland (Routledge, 2024), redigert av Anne Hellum, Ingunn Ikdahl, Vibeke Blaker Strand og Eva-Maria Svensson, har f?tt en sv?rt positiv anmeldelse av Niklas Bruun i Nordic Journal of Human Rights (Vol. 43, 2025, nr. 3).
Anmelderen fremhever at:
“The book is a rich and interesting exposé of the development in the four studied countries. The aim of the book is to offer a legal-scholarly analysis of the relationship between the aim of substantive equality and what the authors call the Nordic gender equality model for which the systematic use of a combination of political and legal instruments in order to achieve this aim is significant.”
Videre understreker han betydningen av bokas introduksjon og helhetlige struktur:
“The introduction is very important. Here the editors explain the aim with the study and the structure of each country specific chapter. The strength of the book emanates from the fact that each chapter follows the same structure and focus on similar perspectives. Furthermore, the chapters are all very well written. They are also well documented and analytical. The book can therefore be strongly recommended to all who want to get a general up-to-date picture of Nordic gender equality laws and their developments in the four countries. It is welcomed that it is also available in an Open Access version.”
Digital Scholarship Days er et ?rlig arrangement for alle som arbeider med forskning og ?nsker ? utvide sin kunnskap om digitale metoder og verkt?y, generativ KI, maskinl?ring, ?pen forskning, forskningsdatabehandling og mye mer!
Tid og sted : 6.januar, 2026 – 9.januar, 2026, Georg Sverdrups hus
The essensials of grant writing
SV-fakultetet lanserer n? en ny seminarrekke som kalles The Academic Breakfast Club!
De ansatte p? HumSam-fakultetene inkludert JUS til ? delta p? det f?rste seminaret 2.desember. Tema for dette f?rste frokostseminaret er s?knadsskriving.
Seminaret/kurset holdes p? engelsk, og b?de forskere og forskerst?tte er velkommen
Cand.jur Einar Bratteng ved Institutt for offentlig rett vil forsvare sin avhandling for graden ph.d.: Fra avfall til produkt og r?vare – dilemmaer i en sirkul?r ?konomi
Tid og sted: 27. nov. 2025 11:15 – 15:00, Gamle festsal, 1 etg Domus Academica og zoom
Valg av midlertidig vitenskapelig representant til instituttr?det?
Til instituttr?det skal det velges 2 fast m?tende representanter for vitenskapelig ansatte i midlertidige stillinger, med 1.vara og 2.vara, for perioden 01.01.2026-31.12.2027.
Instituttr?det har oppnevnt f?lgende valgkomite for valget:
F?rsteamanuensis Anine Kierulf (leder), med professor Vibeke Blaker Strand som vara
Professor Christoffer C. Eriksen, med stipendiat ?ystein Baste som vara
Seniorkonsulent Margrete ?stb?, med seniorr?dgiver Elisabeth Wenger Hagene som vara
Student Silje Duus, med student Kristin S?nnesyn Berg som vara.
Valgbar er vitenskapelig ansatte i midlertidige stillinger ved Institutt for offentlig rett. Fakultetets valgstyre ber om at eventuelle forslag sendes pr. e-post til valgkomiteens sekret?r ?yvind Henden, innen mandag 01.desember 2025.
P?minnelse : Julebord 2025 - Department Christmas Party 2025 - siste frist 25.november
Kj?re venner og kolleger! ?rets julebordkomite ved Institutt for offentlig rett ?har gleden av ? invitere til ?rets julebord.
The event is partly crowdfunded. All guests are kindly asked to send NOK 250 through Vipps to phone no. 97600690 (?yvind Henden).
Tid og sted:??–?,?Litteraturhuset (Wergeland)
Grunnkurs i personvern og IT-sikkerhet
N? innf?rer UiO obligatorisk oppl?ring i personvern og IT-sikkerhet for alle ansatte. Det betyr at du m? gjennomf?re et kort e-l?ringskurs som ligger i Canvas, l?ringsplattformen p? UiO. Universitetsdirekt?ren har besluttet at oppl?ringen er obligatorisk.
UiOs IT-sikkerhetspersonell sikrer nettet og annen infrastruktur mot daglige angrep, men den menneskelige faktoren er helt avgj?rende i IT-sikkerhetsarbeidet. Derfor m? ogs? du som til daglig h?ndterer UiO-data bli med p? sikringsjobben.
Det obligatoriske kurset tar omtrent 20 minutter ? gjennomf?re og gir deg de viktigste verkt?yene for ? h?ndtere personopplysninger p? en sikker og lovmessig m?te, og tips om hvordan du kan beskytte UiOs og dine private digitale ressurser mot ondsinnede akt?rer. N?r du har tatt den avsluttende quizen, registreres det automatisk at du har gjennomf?rt kurset, s? du trenger ikke ? foreta deg noe n?r du er ferdig.
Frist for gjennomf?ring av kurset er 31. januar 2026.
F?llesdal, Andreas
(2026).
The European Court of Human Rights against Authoritarian Populism: Why? And How?
European Convention on Human Rights Law Review.
ISSN 2666-3228.
7(1-2).
doi: 10.1163/26663236-bja10146.
Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
F?llesdal, Andreas; Petrov, Jan & Zysset, Alain Fabio
(2026).
The European Court of Human Rights Versus Illiberal and Authoritarian Practices: Challenges and Responses.
European Convention on Human Rights Law Review (ECLR).
ISSN 2666-3228.
6(1),
s. 1–8.
doi: 10.1163/26663236-bja10152.
Fulltekst i vitenarkivVis sammendrag
Can the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR or the Court) fulfil its
function effectively in the face of rising illiberalism and authoritarianism?
Ongoing democratic backsliding, a tide of authoritarian populism, and the
spread of illiberal practices in Europe, in many places exacerbated by the
Covid-19 pandemic, have given rise to a growing sense of urgency.
S?tervadet, Torkell
(2026).
Praktiseres luftfartslovens nasjonalitetskrav E?S-konformt?
MarIus.
ISSN 0332-7868.
2026(594),
s. 6–37.Fulltekst i vitenarkivVis sammendrag
Luftfartsloven stiller krav til luftfart?yers nasjonalitet for adgang til luftfart i Norge. Denne artikkelen unders?ker om nasjonalitetskravet praktiseres p? en m?te som er forenlig med reglene om diskriminerings- og restriksjonsforbud i E?S-avtalens hoveddel og med EU-rettslig luftfartslovgivning innlemmet i E?S-avtalens vedlegg. Oppmerksomheten er rettet mot kommersiell luftfart omfattet av forordning (EF) nr. 1008/2008 (lufttransportforordningen). Rettsakten er gjennomf?rt i den norske lufttransportforskriften med supplerende s?rbestemmelser, som blant annet begrenser hvor lenge et norsk luftfartsselskap kan leie inn et luftfart?y registrert i en annen E?S-stat. Begrensningen kan gi konkurransemessige skjevheter og hindre fri bevegelighet av tjenester. Studien avdekker holdepunkter for at den norske forskriften etter sin ordlyd er uforenlig med lufttransportforordningen. Videre indikerer unders?kelsen at forvaltningen ikke har gitt E?S-retten tilstrekkelig gjennomslag i praksis.
Robberstad, Anne
(2026).
Anmeldelse:
<i>50 ?r i frontlinjen for kvinners rettigheter</i>
, festskrift for Juridisk r?dgivning for kvinner (JURK) Gyldendal2025Redigert avAnneHellum, Andrea VigeGr?nnings?ter, Mira SofieStokkeog Fr?ydisPaturssonAnmeldelse:
<i>50 ?r i frontlinjen for kvinners rettigheter</i>
, festskrift for Juridisk r?dgivning for kvinner (JURK).
Kritisk juss.
ISSN 0804-7375.
52(1),
s. 56–65.
doi: 10.18261/kj.52.1.4.
Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
Kj?lstad, Marius M.
(2026).
Hans Kelsen – en kompromissl?s demokrat.
I Kj?lstad, Marius M. (Red.),
Om demokratiets vesen og verdi.
Dreyers forlag.
ISSN 9788282658317.s. 7–65.Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
Vallevik, Vibeke Binz & Befring, Anne Kjersti
(2026).
Processing of synthetic data in AI development for healthcare and the definition of personal data in EU law.
International Journal of Law and Information Technology.
ISSN 0967-0769.Fulltekst i vitenarkivVis sammendrag
Artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to transform healthcare, but this requires access to health data. Synthetic data generated through training machine learning models on real data offers a way to balance innovation and privacy protection. However, uncertainties in the practical classification of synthetic health data under the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) currently limits the possible benefits of synthetic data.
Through a systematic analysis of relevant legal sources and an empirical study, this article explores whether synthetic data should be classified as personal data under the GDPR. The study investigates the residual identification risk through generating synthetic data and simulating inference attacks, challenging common perceptions of technical identification risk. The risk of identification depends on several factors. The findings suggest synthetic data is often likely anonymous since results of an attack cannot easily be verified. The legal analysis highlights uncertainties about what constitutes a ‘reasonably likely’ risk and a need to further investigate a threshold for accepted risk. To promote innovation, the study calls for clearer regulations to balance privacy protection with the advancement of AI in healthcare.
Artikkelen dr?fter fenomenet abstrakte s?ksm?l, herunder hva fenomenet inneb?rer, grensen mot konkrete s?ksm?l og i hvilken grad domstolen tillater abstrakte s?ksm?l behandlet. Fenomenet har gitt opphav til en rekke rettsavgj?relser, og artikkelen viser hvordan H?yesterett de siste ?rene har endret kurs mot en mer liberal tolkning av tvisteloven § 1-3. Artikkelen kobler denne trenden til en overordnet diskusjon om domstolens funksjoner.
Strand, Vibeke Blaker
(2025).
The Burden of Proof Rule Under EU Non-discrimination Law and Algorithmic Discrimination: Addressing Challenges and Possibilities.
Ljubljana Law Review.
85(1),
s. 182–182.
doi: 10.51940/2025.1.165-182.
Fulltekst i vitenarkivVis sammendrag
Emerging technologies, including artificial intelligence, present significant challenges to discrimination law, particularly regarding effective enforcement. This article highlights the evidentiary difficulties in proving algorithmic discrimination and examines the rule on the burden of proof under EU non-discrimination law in this context. It discusses challenges and possibilities relating to the role of the burden of proof rule in enhancing the principle of equality and non-discrimination, particularly in relation to algorithmic discrimination. A key obstacle is the lack of transparency, a problem not unique to al-gorithmic discrimination but also a well-known challenge in the field of pay discrimina-tion. The article argues that valuable insights can be drawn from how the burden of proof rule has been developed and concretised under EU law on the right to equal pay between women and men, with particular attention to the 2023 Pay Transparency Directive.
Michalsen, Dag
(2025).
Fredrik Stang og ideen om en sammenlignende rettsvitenskap.
I Amundsen, Arne Bugge (Red.),
Instituttet for sammenlignende kulturforskning. Jubileumsforelesninger 2022.
Novus Forlag.
ISSN 9788283901825.s. 55–76.Fulltekst i vitenarkivVis sammendrag
Kapitlet rekonstruerer utviklingen av Fredrik Stangs sammensatte ide om en sammenlignende retsvitenskap
Sandberg, Kirsten
(2025).
Children’s rights and European Court of Human Rights judgments’ effects on Norwegian courts and jurisprudence.
I Helland, Hege Stein; Skivenes, Marit & Gloppen, Siri (Red.),
Child protection and the European court of human rights. Lessons from Norway in the Development and Contestation of Children’s Rights.
Policy Press.
ISSN 9781447371496.s. 59–74.
doi: 10.51952/9781447371496.ch004.
Fulltekst i vitenarkivVis sammendrag
This chapter deals with the reunification goal as set out by the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) in child protection cases, and the Court’s criticism of Norway. Norwegian court decisions have been found to violate the reunification goal by stipulating too limited contact between parents and children when a child has been placed in alternative care. In its turn, limited contact may have contributed to adoption by foster parents that might otherwise not have been necessary. The Supreme Court has adapted the signals to the Norwegian context while emphasising that the contact regime cannot run counter to the best interests of the child. Research shows that Norwegian courts are loyal to the signals from the ECtHR in stipulating significantly more contact than before. However, there is a concern among researchers and practitioners that the pendulum may swing too far in the opposite direction, without due consideration to the child’s best interests. As the cases before the ECtHR have been brought by the parents, the rights and interests of the child do not feature prominently. The chapter discusses dilemmas related to a child- or family-oriented approach and the understanding of the child’s best interests.
H?gberg, Benedikte Moltumyr
(2025).
Grunnloven og regjeringsformen – mulig overgang fra monarki til republikk?
I Alvik, Ivar; Arnesen, Finn & Michalsen, Dag (Red.),
Om nasjonens forfatning - festskrift til Ola Mestad p? 70-?rsdagen 8. desember 2025.
Universitetsforlaget.
ISSN 9788215075334.s. 225–239.Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
Nordrum, Jon Christian Fl?ysvik
(2025).
Forvaltningsrevisjon av uavhengige domstoler.
I Lie, Markus Hoel; Steinsvik, Kine; Magnussen, Roger Stelander; Solheim, Stig H.; Eriksen, Gunnar Ketil; Pedersen, Jussi Erik; Ravna, ?yvind & Falkanger, Aage Thor (Red.),
Vidsyn og skj?nn : festskrift til Jens Edvin A. Skogh?y p? 70-?rsdagen 16. februar 2025.
Universitetsforlaget.
ISSN 9788215067414.s. 717–740.Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
Nordrum, Jon Christian Fl?ysvik; Reksten, Torunn; Schaller-B?yum, Janine & V?ge, Ole Kristian
(2025).
Klare und digitalisierungsfreundliche Gesetze in Norwegen: M?glichkeiten und Grenzen der Begriffsarbeit.
I Luttermann, Karin & Engberg, Jan (Red.),
Digitalisierung und multimodale Ressourcen in diskursiven juristischen Prozessen / Digitalisation and Multimodal Resources in Discursive Legal Processes.
LIT Verlag.
ISSN 9783643154965.s. 167–185.
doi: https:/lit-verlag.de/isbn/978-3-643-15496-5/.
Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
The De Gruyter Handbook of Digital Criminology examines how digital devices spread and cut across all fields of crime and control. Providing a glossary of key theoretical, methodological and criminological concepts, the book defines and further establishes a vibrant and rapidly developing field. At the same time, Digital Criminology is not only presented as a novelty, but also as a continuation of the discipline's history.
Each chapter can be read as a free-standing contribution or texts can be combined to gain a more holistic understanding of Digital Criminology or to design a research project. Expert contributions vary from Criminology, Sociology, Law, Science and Technology Studies, to Information Science and Digital Humanities. Together, these supply readers with rich and original perspectives on the digitization of crime and control.
All contents of the De Gruyter Handbook of Digital Criminology are openly accessible. Open access has been funded by the European Research Council, as outlined in the respective chapters, and by the Department of Criminology and Sociology of Law at the University of Oslo.
Mareile and Heidi would like to thank Vilde B. Winge for her commitment and excellent research assistance in the realization of this book project. Thanks are also due to Gerhard Boomgaarden and his team at De Gruyter who saw this book through to production.
First handbook of Digital Criminology on the market
Detailed thematic overview of the ways in which crime and control have become integrated with digital technologies
Covers the entire research process
This article provides an overview of the reception of Paul Johann Anselm Feuerbach’s criminal law thinking in Norwegian criminal law science from about 1800 until today. Feuerbach, who is celebrated in 2025 on the occasion of his 250th anniversary, has had a significant impact on the development of Norwegian criminal law, although this has varied considerably over time. The article shows how Feuerbach became a crucial point of reference in the first half of the 19th century, mediated through the writings of the Danish jurist Anders Sand?e ?rsted, and that Feuerbach’s theories on punishment underpinned the Criminal Code of 1842. In the 20th century, Feuerbach remained present in criminal law discourses, but to a lesser degree. In recent years, the discipline has seen a revival of theoretical and normative orientations in general, and Feuerbach again receiving more attention from some scholars. The article concludes by suggesting that future research projects combining historical and theoretical perspectives could potentially also disclose whether there are more ‘hidden’ influences from Feuerbach in Norwegian criminal law.
Boken tar for seg sentrale temaer i statisk tingsrett, begrenset til sp?rsm?l om fast eiendom, og legger stor vekt p? ? forklare sammenhengene i faget.
Hovedtemaene er eiendomsrettens n?rmere innhold og grenser, strandretten, sameie, servitutter, naborett, hevd og allemannsretten. Flere av disse temaene er enten regulert i ulovfestet rett eller bygger p? knappe lovtekster. Fremstillingen fremhever de viktigste rettskildene og hensynene man m? ha oversikt over for ? kunne anvende reglene i praksis, og gir leseren illustrasjoner der disse forenkler. Enkelte problemstillinger som er s?rlig relevante, er mer inng?ende dr?ftet.
Boken gj?r leseren godt rustet til ? m?te problemstillingene den statiske tingsretten byr p?.
Denne andre utgaven bygger videre p? f?rsteutgaven med tittelen Tingsrett f?r eksamen.
Har alle rett til ? f? tilgang til en elektronisk identifikasjon (eID)? Hvordan skjer digitale ID-tyverier, og hvem utsettes for det? Kan en avtale v?re bindende selv om den bygger p? misbruk av noens eID? Hvem har rett til en eiendom som er overf?rt basert p? ID-misbruk? N?r eID misbrukes i n?re relasjoner, hvordan blir den rettslige tapsfordelingen? Og hvilken rolle spiller menneskerettighetene i dette problemkomplekset?
Denne antologien l?fter frem ulike sp?rsm?l knyttet til bruk og misbruk av eID. Et grunnsp?rsm?l for antologien er hvordan alminnelige regler innenfor blant annet avtale- og kontraktsrett og prosessrett skal forst?s i m?te med ny teknologi.
Systemer for eID spiller en n?kkelrolle i dagens samfunn. Ved bruk av eID kan vi blant annet f? tilgang til private og offentlige tjenester, rapportere til skattemyndighetene, f? innsikt i helseopplysninger, gjennomf?re betalingstransaksjoner, overf?re eiendomsretten til fast eiendom, signere l?nekontrakter og registrere skilsmisse. Fordi systemer for eID ogs? kan misbrukes til ? gjennomf?re en lang rekke kriminelle handlinger, inkludert ulike typer svindel, hvitvasking, korrupsjon og terrorisme, inneb?rer de ogs? en risiko b?de for den enkelte borger og for samfunnet. I tillegg er det et problem at ikke alle borgere har tilgang til en eID. Dermed stenges de ogs? ute fra sentrale offentlige og private tjenester. S?rskilt regulering av eID, blant annet i den nye finansavtaleloven, behandles ogs?. I tillegg reises sp?rsm?l om menneskerettigheter.
F?r ?kokrim etterforske Thorbj?rn Jagland? Hvis Europar?dets ministerkomité opphever immuniteten hans i dag kan det v?re f?rste gang det har blitt gjort for en tidligere leder av en internasjonal organisasjon. Hva vil det si ? ha diplomatisk immunitet - det skal du straks f? vite // I dag skal Europar?det ta stilling til Jaglands immunitet , hvorfor er han fortsatt beskyttet mange ?r etter at han hadde toppjobben?
Presumsjonsprinsippet p?legger norske rettsanvendere ? tolke norske bestemmelser i samsvar med folkeretten ?s? langt som det er mulig?. Dette norske tolkningsprinsippet bidrar til ? sikre at norske bestemmelser tolkes p? en m?te som er i tr?d med Norges E?S-rettslige og ?vrige folkerettslige forpliktelser. Samtidig stiller E?S-retten krav til nasjonale tolkningsprinsipper, og dermed ogs? til v?rt presumsjonsprinsipp.
Under fagfrokosten vil Stian ?by Johansen dr?fte kravene E?S-retten stiller til presumsjonsprinsippet og gj?re rede for prinsippets innhold med utgangspunkt i en kommende artikkel.
Johansen, Stian ?by
(2026).
Ekspert om Jagland-etterforskningen: –? Vanskelig for ?kokrim.
[Internet].
Verdens Gang (VG.no).
Fulltekst i vitenarkivVis sammendrag
?kokrim har startet etterforskning mot tidligere statsminister Thorbj?rn Jagland. Flere eksperter mener de har en vanskelig jobb foran seg.
Johansen, Stian ?by
(2026).
Maduro tiltalt i USA: – Saken kommer til ? versere i ?revis.
[Journal].
Verdens Gang (VG).
Fulltekst i vitenarkivVis sammendrag
Amerikanske domstoler vil trolig se bort fra at rettsprosessen mot Venezuelas president Maduro strider mot folkeretten. Jurist sp?r mange ?r med dragkamp i domstolene.
KRONIKK: I januar 2025 gjentok Donald Trump interessen for ? kj?pe Gr?nland, men kan han egentlig overta ?ya? I s? fall, hvordan? Og hva kan Danmark gj?re?
Holter, Katrine & H?gberg, Benedikte Moltumyr
(2025).
#71: Omstridt kriselov stanset: Facebook-posten som vekket Norge.
Fulltekst i vitenarkivVis sammendrag
Podcast Episode · Rett og Slett · 09/17/2025 · 1h 8m
Podcast Episode · Rett og Slett · 10/01/2025 · 1h 10m
Esmark, Magnus
(2025).
Commentary: The History of European Union Law. Constitutional Practice, 1950 to 1993.
Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
F?llesdal, Andreas & Berg, Kjersti Gravels?ter
(2025).
(Con)federal lessons for paths toward just peace in the Middle East? | Centre on Law and Social Transformation.
Fulltekst i vitenarkivVis sammendrag
We witness yet another chapter in the long history of conflict in the Middle East between Israel and Palestine. Proposals of one state and two state solutions both seem to have run their course. The presentation starts to explore a third range of options which merit more attention: (con)federal futures. These paths shift the focus from territorial and national sovereignty, be it of one or two states, to regard sovereignty as a bundle of powers and immunities, resources and protections which should be shared or divided in ways that secure the central interests of both Israelis and Palestinians.
The main objective of these reflections is modest. It is certainly not to provide a sketch of a workable (con)federal constitution. Rather, the presentation starts to gather lessons from previous attempts to unbundle sovereignty and allocate political authority to enable intermingled national groups to generate and maintain both unity and diversity, with sufficient domains of self determination in the form of self rule and joint rule and non-domination by other groups. This is not new – the 1947 Partition Plan called for an ‘economic union.’ Among the cases to draw lessons from are the post World War II European Union, the 1995 ‘Dayton agreement’ for Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the 1998 ‘Good Friday Agreement’ for Northern Ireland. Further lessons from further cases are welcome, such as the experiences from Ethiopia and Nepal.
The lessons range from pre-negotiation issues of bringing parties to the table, include limiting inequality, to securing sufficient trust, and the roles and risks of international involvement.
Join us for this presentation by
Andreas F?llesdal (Professor of Political Philosophy, Faculty of Law, University of Oslo)
The following panel is moderated by
Sofia Rolim (PhD candidate, Department of Government at UiB and FGV S?o Paulo) with
Kjersti G. Berg (Associate Professor of Intercultural Studies, NLA)
Siri Gloppen (Professor of Political Science, Department of Government at UiB and Director of LawTransform)
? Tuesday 28 October at 14:30–15:30
? Babelstuen, Faculty of Humanities Library, University of Bergen
? Free, open to all!
Zimmer, Frederik
(2025).
Anmeldelse av Yvette Lind og Reuven S. Avi-yonah (red.): Taxation, Citizenship and Democracy in the 21th Century.
Skatterett.
ISSN 0333-2810.s. 110–115.Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
Gr?nnings?ter, Andrea Vige; Stokke, Mira Sofie; Hellum, Anne & Patursson, Fr?ydis
(2025).
JURK og kvinneretten i femti ?r.
Kritisk juss.
ISSN 0804-7375.
51(2-3),
s. 63–69.
doi: 10.18261/kj.51.2-3.1.
Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
Nordrum, Jon Christian Fl?ysvik
(2025).
Rettighetene til barn og unge med behov for tilrettelegging i skolen og barnehagen.
I Befring, Edvard (Red.),
Spesialpedagogikk.
Cappelen Damm Akademisk.
ISSN 9788202839888.s. 97–115.Fulltekst i vitenarkivVis sammendrag
Spesialpedagogikk, som er det mest omfattende og allsidige verket om spesialpedagogikk i Norge, kommer n? i sin 7. utgave.
Bokas fire deler omhandler disse temaene:Spesialpedagogikkens identitet som et mangfoldig l?rings- og verdifag: faglige perspektiver og forst?elsesm?ter, etikk, oppl?ringsrettigheter, historiske grunntrekk og spesialpedagogisk kompetanseutvikling.
Spesialpedagogiske grunnleggende arbeidsoppgaver: inkludering, kartlegging, forebygging, den spesialpedagogiske tiltakskjeden og 澳门葡京手机版app下载 med foreldre, PPT og andre.
Spesialpedagogiske st?tte- og hjelpetiltak for en mangfoldig m?lgruppe: kommunikasjons- og spr?kforstyrrelser, lese- og skrivevansker, matematikkvansker, utviklingshemming, h?rsels- og synsvansker, fysisk-motoriske funksjonshemminger, psykososial s?rbarhet, migrasjonsrelaterte vansker, autisme og barn og unge med stort l?ringspotensial.
Spesialpedagogikk i barnehage og skole: barnehage, grunnskole, videreg?ende oppl?ring og skolelivsmestring.
Boka retter seg prim?rt til bachelor- og masterstudenter i spesialpedagogikk og studenter i l?rerutdanningene, men er ogs? velegnet i pedagogikk-, sosial- og helsefagene.
Forfatterne er rekruttert fra de fremste studie- og forskningsmilj?ene i Norge.
Baste, ?ystein Fl?; Halbryt, Alicja; Pe?a, Edoardo; Errando, Aina & Elbi, Abdullah
(2025).
AI Sandboxes: Between Promises and Perils.
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Artificial Intelligence (AI) regulatory sandboxes, as introduced by the EU AI Act, are regulatory learning instruments designed to support responsible AI innovation while safeguarding safety, health and fundamental rights. They promise a supervised safe space for AI developers to test and validate systems, providing legal certainty and reducing regulatory burdens. In this piece, we argue that several unknowns remain regarding AI sandbox functioning and implementation, making it unclear whether its current form will be able to deliver on its intended purpose. To fully capture the potential benefits, sandbox design and implementation must address significant challenges, including an unclear participation scope, uneven resources, potential bureaucratic obstacles, and transparency concerns. We urge regulators to address these issues through the sandboxes’ awaited implementing acts, or, where appropriate, within the Digital Omnibus initiative currently aimed at closing gaps in EU digital regulation.
Baste, ?ystein Fl?
(2025).
Gir E?S-retten grunnlag for ? begrense personvernforordningens (GDPR) sitt anvendelsesomr?de overfor domstolene? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
Baste, ?ystein Fl?
(2025).
Publisering og tilgjengeliggj?ring av rettsavgj?relser.
Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
Hellum, Anne
(2025).
En historisk reise – fra FNs internasjonale kvinne?r og Beijing til kvinnekonvensjonens utvikling og dagens politiske og rettslige utfordringer. KILDENs ?rskonferanse, Fulltekst i vitenarkivVis sammendrag
Oversikt over samspillet mellom Commission on the Status of Women's (CSW) h?ndtering av partnerstatenes rapporter om gjennomf?ring av Beijing deklarasjonens politiske standarder og FN kvinnekomites kontroll med partnerstatenes gjennomf?ring av FNs kvinnekonvensjons equality and non-discrimination standard
Dan Banik speaks with Cecilia Marcela Bailliet about what solidarity truly means in a world increasingly turning inward. Together, they explore how solidarity, human rights, and peace intersect—and why real solidarity requires action, inclusion, and a renewed commitment to our shared humanity.
An overview and discussion of the role of the Nordic Women's Lawyer Conference, today the Nordic Gender and Law Conferences in initiating, inspiring and discussing research and teaching in the broad field of women, gender, equality and law at Nordic universities.
Tar for seg FN kvinnekomites kritikk av britisk Equality Act
Hellum, Anne
(2025).
Hvem er kvinne – om britisk h?yesterett og FNs kvinnekonvensjon.
Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
Johann, Ruben Leiss, & Anastasia, Kluge,
(2026).
Necessary or Redundant? Human Rights Safeguards in the UN Cybercrime Convention
Is the explicit inclusion of human rights safeguards in non-human rights treaties, such as the UN Cybercrime Convention, legally necessary under international law? Universitetet i Oslo.
Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
Nicola, Strain, & Sarah, Stenner,
(2026).
Paris Expectations
Article 2(1)(c) of the Paris Agreement and the redefining of Legitimate Expectations in International Investment Law.
Universitetet i Oslo.
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Due diligence is a significant concept within international environmental law. It is the standard of care with which a primary norm or obligation needs to be implemented. The primary norm can be customary norm or a treaty-based norm and is not limited to the principle of harm prevention. Due diligence serves as a normative benchmark for State conduct, ensuring that States take urgent, effective and efficient measures to mitigate climate change. In this thesis, due diligence is analysed in the Paris Agreement, customary international law, and the law of the sea. Due to the urgency of the climate crisis and the risk of irreversible harm, the standard of due diligence must be stringent.
Hammerseth, Sandra Stamm
(2025).
The Ljubljana-The Hague Convention: Challenges of including substantive provisions in a procedural treaty.
Universitetet i Oslo.
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Nilssen, Ingrid Nerem
(2025).
Constructing Justice: The Theory and Practice of the 'Interests of Justice' Provision in Article 53 of the Rome Statute for the International Criminal Court.
Universitetet i Oslo.
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Coenders, Floris Rudolf Frederique M
(2025).
Artificial intelligence and targeting under international law: a comparative case study of the 2021 and 2023 military operations in the Gaza Strip.
Universitetet i Oslo.
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This thesis examines the lawfulness of the Israeli Defense Force's (IDF) use of artificial intelligence (AI) systems during the 2021 and 2023 military operations in Gaza. The research question focuses on whether the IDF's reliance on AI systems for targeting purposes complies with international humanitarian law (IHL). The methodology includes a legal analysis of IHL rules and a comparative case study of the two military operations. Key findings indicate that while AI systems like the Gospel and Lavender can be lawful if used appropriately, the alleged Where's Daddy system is likely to breach IHL due to its systematic targeting of family homes. The thesis underscores the importance of human control in AI-enabled warfare and highlights the impact of conflict classification on the lawfulness of AI use.
Maekelae, Roope Erik Mikael
(2025).
Europe and the Geopolitical Threats to Its Energy Security - Are Current International Legal Responses Sufficient? Universitetet i Oslo.
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As the world faces an escalating climate crisis, the Paris Agreement Crediting Mechanism (PACM) offers a promising solution in the form of an emerging international carbon market. This thesis explores the framework of PACM, established under Article 6.4 of the 2015 Paris Agreement, to assess its potential in creating an effective and sustainable carbon market. This research comes at an exciting time with recent regulatory updates from COP 29 in Baku, PACM is nearing operationalisation after a decade of development. This research undertakes a rigorous analysis of PACM's regulatory framework, contrasting it with its predecessor, the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), to discover its advancements and challenges. The study focuses on key criteria of environmental integrity, sustainable development, transparency, and market accessibility to determine the likely effectiveness and sustainability of this market. Ultimately, this study posits that while PACM may not constitute a universal remedy, it represents a critical advancement in the global endeavour to mitigate climate change. By fostering genuine additional mitigation efforts and prioritising sustainable development, PACM holds the potential to significantly contribute to the objectives of the Paris Agreement. However, its success will depend on the collective commitment of the international community to support and refine this innovative market mechanism.
Focusing on Afghanistan as a case study, this thesis explores the applicability of the term "gender apartheid" to describe the Taliban's institutionalized system of gender-based oppression, identifies an accountability gap in international law for addressing gender-based crimes, and explores the value of codifying gender apartheid in the forthcoming Crimes Against Humanity Convention. This thesis situates gender apartheid within the broader context of gender-based discrimination and violence. Exploring the historical and legal evolution of apartheid, it applies a feminist lens to highlight parallels between systems of racial and gender-based oppression. It critiques the limitations of existing frameworks in addressing gender-based crimes and argues that codifying gender apartheid would complement these frameworks. This thesis further emphasizes the symbolic and practical significance of recognizing gender apartheid, particularly in stigmatizing such systems of oppression, promoting accountability, and empowering affected groups, such as Afghan women, girls, and LGBTQI+ persons, in their pursuit of justice. This thesis underscores the urgent need for the international community to address the paradox in international law, which condemns racial apartheid yet fails to extend similar recognition to systems of institutionalized gender oppression. Codifying gender apartheid in the Crimes Against Humanity Convention would not only strengthen international law but also serve as a mobilizing tool to pressure regimes like the Taliban and preemptively create accountability for future systems of institutionalized gender-based oppression.
Gonzales, Carizza Joy Yap
(2025).
Combatting Terrorist Financing with Soft Law: Analyzing the FATF Recommendations on Terrorist Financing and the Countering Financing of Terrorism in the Philippine context.
Universitetet i Oslo.
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Sheridan, Olivia Francisca
(2025).
Enforcing Sustainability in the EU Textile Sector: A Legal Analysis of the Ecodesign for Sustainable Products Regulation, and its Departure from Previous Frameworks.
Universitetet i Oslo.
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Azab, Yazan
(2025).
Hate Speech and International Criminal Law in the Age of Social Media: The Prosecution of Online Hate Speech as the Crime Against Humanity of Persecution in the Context of the ICC, Facebook and Myanmar.
Universitetet i Oslo.
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Hate speech and its dissemination through various forms of media have historically played a crucial role in the commission of core international crimes. International criminal law has tackled this issue through landmark cases in Nuremberg's International Military Tribunal, the International Criminal Tribunals for the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda. However, the advent and proliferation of the use of social media has led to new avenues to commit violations of international criminal law through state-sponsored disinformation campaigns. This novel and decentralised form of media, therefore, poses new and unadjudicated legal challenges in the realm of international criminal law. This thesis examines the legal challenges and developments associated with prosecuting online hate speech as a crime against humanity of persecution. The analysis will focus on the possible International Criminal Court case against Min Aung Hlaing and his alleged commission of the crime against humanity of persecution. The alleged hate speech spread on Facebook both by Hlaing himself and through covert military campaigns of disinformation will be analyzed through previous caselaw and current approaches to the Rome Statute.
Veder, Beatrijs Martha
(2025).
Why Should we care? A study on the legal protection of migrant domestic workers in the Netherlands through a Marxist-feminist lens. Universitetet i Oslo.
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This thesis analyses the treatment of taxation measures under international investment agreements (IIAs), with a particular focus on the functionality and effectiveness of tax carve-out clauses. It examines the interpretation of these clauses by tribunals in investment arbitration, reflecting notable cases such as EnCana v. Ecuador, Burlington v. Ecuador, and Yukos v. Russia. The study identifies the legal threshold at which tax measures may be considered expropriation, the conditions under which tribunals may override carve-out protections, and the role of proportionality, intent, and public purpose in this assessment. Findings suggest that tax carve-out clauses are generally effective in preserving fiscal autonomy, but they are not absolute; measures that are discriminatory, disproportionate, or enacted in bad faith may still breach treaty protections. The thesis concludes with practical recommendations for treaty writers and legislators to improve clarity, predictability, and balance between protecting investors and respecting sovereign rights.
Letterie, Claire Catharina
(2025).
Baselines, maritime zones and statehood in the event of climate change related sea level rise.
Universitetet i Oslo.
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This thesis reviews the legality of Russian attacks on Ukrainian downstream energy infrastructure under International Humanitarian Law (IHL) in the international armed conflict beginning in 2022. It focuses on electricity generation, transmission, and heating infrastructure that directly supports civilian life while also sustaining modern military operations, making such objects inherently dual-use.
The thesis identifies the treaty-based targeting rules governing international armed conflict, distinction, proportionality, and precautions in attack, and analyzes how these rules are interpreted in selected State military manuals and expert manuals. This analysis reveals divergence in how military advantage, civilian harm, and foreseeability are assessed, particularly in relation to reverberating effects on civilians.
Two interpretive approaches are identified: an operationally-oriented interpretation emphasizing military necessity, and a protective-oriented interpretation prioritizing civilian harm mitigation. These frameworks are applied to a review of Russian attacks based on findings of the UN Commission of Inquiry on Ukraine and the UN Human Rights Monitoring Mission in Ukraine. The analysis highlights the systematic nature of the attacks, their humanitarian impact, and their implications for future interpretations of targeting law and accountability.
This thesis explores the proposition of establishing an International AI Agency (IAIA) to mitigate the risks posed by advanced AI systems. It identifies extreme AI risks that may warrant international governance. Through a functional comparative analysis of six existing international institutions, the thesis distills regulatory mechanisms used to manage global safety and security risks. It finds that international organizations mitigate risks through a variety of substantive functions and compliance mechanisms. Building on these insights, the thesis proposes eight potential IAIA functions and illustrates their application to AI governance, demonstrating the feasibility and relevance of international institutional approaches to advanced AI risk mitigation.
Str?m, Arnesen, Lars Andre & Aikaterini, Karamali,
(2025).
Regulation (EU) 2024/1689: A Philosophy of Science Approach to Selected Challenges Relating to the AI Act.
Universitetet i Oslo.
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This interdisciplinary thesis examines selected challenges and critiques of the AI Act (Regulation (EU) 2024/1689) from a philosophy?of?science perspective. It asks whether naturalism (positivism) — with its ontological, epistemic and methodological commitments — constitutes an underlying common cause of main challenges to the Act’s application and effectiveness.
Using a purposive, critical literature review of critiques, I classify the issues into three thematic areas: (i) challenges arising from inherent AI system flaws; (ii) challenges concerning human autonomy and fundamental rights — and, more broadly, democracy and social processes (including a subcategory on human oversight in high-risk systems); and (iii) challenges to compliance and enforcement. My findings indicate that naturalistic commitments constitute an underlying common cause of the challenges in these three areas.
I offer reflective commentary on the “AI” discourse and on the use of the concept of “autonomy” for AI systems. I argue that designers embed agency in AI systems; that decision-making in high-risk contexts is a unified sequence of phases; and that restricting human agency (human oversight) in only some phases results in the loss of the AI operator’s agency.
A further implication of this analysis is that where a risk from a high-risk AI system materializes as harm to autonomy or fundamental rights, the AI operator is often not a novus actus — designers should therefore bear liability for this harm. This implication is noted in the Conclusion.
Understanding the philosophy of science behind these challenges clarifies the methods and value commitments that shaped specific regulatory choices in the AI Act and points to root causes and practical avenues for EU AI governance.
Christina, Voigt, & Petra, Montague-Sylvester,
(2025).
Analyzing the legal implications in international law of the United States' 2025 withdrawal from the Paris Agreement. Universitetet i Oslo.
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--- Abstract and files will be published: 2026-12-15
As more human activities and communication move online, information that may be relevant for international criminal investigators is publicly available on the Internet. This is the field of OSINT. International criminal proceedings have much to gain from using OSINT as evidence, but they need to address the legal challenges, too. These challenges are described – from ensuring that information is authentic to documenting its chain of custody –, and then the study turns to Ukraine for solutions. Ukrainian authorities were quick to see the benefits of using all available means to document crimes committed since the beginning of the Russian full-scale invasion. The solutions found by the legislature, by prosecutors who cooperate with local NGOs and by judges who interpret the law in light of its purpose can serve as a model. Based on this model, the study identifies several lessons that the international criminal law system can learn from Ukraine in order to make the best use of OSINT in its mission for accountability.
Climate change is not a gender-neutral phenomenon. Extensive empirical evidence demonstrates that women are disproportionately affected by climate-related harms due to pre-existing structural inequalities. However, the legal implications of these gendered impacts remain underdeveloped in international climate adjudication. This thesis examines how gender has been considered in climate-related contexts by two United Nations treaty bodies: the Human Rights Committee (HRC) and the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW).
Through a qualitative analysis of these treaty bodies’ outputs – including Individual Communications, General Comments and Recommendations, and Concluding Observations – this study maps and critically evaluates the extent to which gendered dimensions of climate change are addressed in these documents. The findings reveal significant differences between the two committees. While the HRC has begun to recognize climate change as a threat to core civil and political rights, its jurisprudence remains largely gender-neutral and individualistic, failing to engage with structural and intersectional inequalities. In contrast, the CEDAW Committee, particularly through General Recommendation No. 37, conceptualizes climate change as a structural human rights issue that exacerbates gender inequality and requires transformative, gender-responsive state action.
Drawing on feminist legal theory, particularly dominance theory and intersectional feminism, this thesis argues for a more coherent, intersectional, and gender-sensitive approach to climate adjudication across the treaty bodies. It concludes that integrating feminist perspectives into international climate law is essential to adequately address the complex and unequal human rights impacts of the climate crisis.
Christina, Prof. Dr. Voigt, & Julie, de Jong,
(2025).
In Search for Durable Solutions: Unravelling protection mechanisms for displacement associated with the impacts of climate change under international human rights law, international refugee law and international climate change law.
Universitetet i Oslo.
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At approximately 1.1°C of human-induced global warming relative to the global surface temper-ature before 1900, the impacts of climate change are affecting every region worldwide, driving the forced movement of people. This challenges existing protection mechanisms in international human rights law and international refugee law regarding internal and external displacement. Since 2010, the UN Climate Regime has incorporated climate-related displacement into its agenda. This thesis examines whether and to what extent the incorporation of displacement into this regime bridges protection gaps left by international human rights law and international refugee law. Drawing on a doctrinal analysis of the UNFCCC and the Paris Agreement, the study examines legal obligations, principles and compliance mechanisms to assess the role of international climate change law in protecting against displacement. This thesis finds that the incorporation in the loss and damage workstream, anchored in Article 8 of the Paris Agreement, provides limited accountability and compensation mechanisms to minimise, avert and address displacement. The law on state responsibility for internationally wrongful acts provides the most suitable avenue for accountability and reduces the risk of displacement, although it may not restore all damages, leaving inhabitants still searching for dignified living conditions. By analysing these limitations and complementarities, the research contributes to debates on equitable responsibility allocation and legal pathways towards durable solutions for climate-related displacement.
Ruben, Leiss, Johann & Grace, Johnson,
(2025).
Defending Culture in Contemporary Conflict: Legal Responses to Intentional Cultural Destruction and the Debate on "Culturicide".
Universitetet i Oslo.
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While various instruments offer mechanisms for cultural protection and others explicitly illegalise genocide, the gap in international law regarding cultural destruction and the debated concept of cultural genocide remains. Although international law contains varied definitions, cultural heritage is generally understood to encompass both tangible and intangible elements: physical cultural property and intangible cultural practices which communities recognise as essential to their cultural identity. Despite Lemkin’s instruction for its inclusion, there are no substantive iterations of cultural genocide in international treaties, conventions or otherwise. In this context, this thesis interrogates the sufficiency of the international legal framework in addressing the intentional destruction of cultural heritage in armed conflict. This thesis seeks to clarify whether, despite its disadvantages, the current framework sufficiently recognises cultural destruction as a distinct phenomenon and rises to meet the challenges it entails.
Andre, Str?m Arnesen, Lars & Theodora., Dregelid,
(2025).
Between Accuracy and Fairness: Reconciling GDPR Principles in the Age of AI
A Study of the Accuracy and Fairness Principles in Relation to Artificial Intelligence. Universitetet i Oslo.
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This thesis examines the relationship between the accuracy and fairness principles under the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in the context of artificial intelligence (AI), with a particular focus on predictive AI systems. As AI becomes increasingly embedded in decision-making processes across sectors such as credit scoring, recruitment, and healthcare, tensions arise between the GDPR’s requirement that personal data be accurate and its broader mandate that processing be fair and non-discriminatory. The research investigates four key dimensions: (1) the legal meaning and scope of accuracy in EU data protection law; (2) the applicability of the accuracy principle to AI-generated inferences; (3) the content and structure of the fairness principle, especially its substantive dimension as non-discrimination; (4) and the theoretical and jurisprudential frameworks for balancing principles in EU fundamental rights law.
The analysis demonstrates that accuracy is purpose-relative and that both insufficient and excessively granular accuracy can produce unfair and discriminatory outcomes. It further argues that inferences generated by AI containing information on an identified or identifiable natural person qualify as personal data and should therefore fall within the scope of the accuracy principle, contrary to certain restrictive interpretations in existing case law. Regarding fairness, the thesis distinguishes procedural from substantive fairness and emphasises the latter’s importance in mitigating AI-driven discrimination. Drawing on European Court of Justice (ECJ) and European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) jurisprudence, the thesis proposes a structured balancing approach that accounts for the density and relative weight of each principle in context. The conclusion offers guidance for reconciling accuracy and fairness in AI systems in a manner that upholds the protective aims of the GDPR and ensures meaningful safeguards for data subjects.
The purpose of this thesis is to clarify the scope of MS’ positive obligations to identify, protect
and assist victims and presumed victims of human trafficking under Anti-Trafficking
Convention, ECHR and EU Anti-Trafficking Directive. More specifically, the thesis examines
how border management practices at the EU’s external borders must be carried out in order to
comply with these human rights obligations and remain legitimate in relation to individuals
who may be victims of human trafficking.
This thesis finds that although MS have a legitimate interest in maintaining effective border
control and ensuring overall border security, these objectives must be pursued in a manner
consistent with their human rights obligations towards third-country nationals, including
victims and presumed victims of human trafficking. As a result, border management at the
Union borders cannot operate in a purely mechanical manner driven predominantly by security
considerations.
In essence, for border practices to comply with MS’s human rights obligations towards these
individuals and remain legitimate, they must be carried out in a way that enables individual
assessments in accordance with the applicable law. Documented pushback practices at the EU’s
external borders undermine this requirement and raise serious human rights concerns when
third-country nationals are returned without any assessment of their vulnerability and protection
needs. Although implementing such assessments can be challenging in high-pressure contexts
involving a large number of arrivals, adequate measures remain essential. When MS fail to
correctly identify victims of human trafficking, they ultimately deny these individuals access
to the rights, protection, and assistance measures to which they are legally entitled.
Subsea infrastructure has become critical to global connectivity, energy supply, and economic stability. Incidents demonstrate that sabotage of such infrastructure poses not only security risks but also serious environmental threats. Despite this, international law lacks a dedicated regime for the protection of subsea infrastructure, forcing reliance on a patchwork of rules.
This thesis examines states’ rights and duties under international law to protect subsea infrastructure from sabotage. The analysis is grounded primarily in UNCLOS and international environmental law and focuses on preventive measures. Using a doctrinal methodology, the thesis analyses treaties, customary international law, jurisprudence, and principles of international law, examining state rights and duties with regards to monitoring, enforcement, and prosecution of sabotage of subsea infrastructure. It argues that existing law provides states with broader preventive rights and more extensive obligations than is often assumed, particularly when UNCLOS is interpreted in light of its environmental provisions. The thesis concludes by proposing a coherent framework for preventive state action and identifying remaining legal gaps.
The General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”) is the EU’s primary regulatory instrument for personal data protection and is praised as the gold-standard when it comes to the same . Despite being thoroughly comprehensive on the surface, the GDPR is nevertheless lacking in regard with the regulation of the personal data of the dead or post-mortem personal data. The GDPR, through recital 27, categorically rejects to regulate post-mortem personal data and leaves the regulation of the same to the EU’s member states. this study pursues to answer queries that are arguably rudimentary concerns when it comes to post-mortem personal data. This research generally inquires: Under current EU laws, who owns or controls post-mortem personal data? Additionally, through viewing post-mortem personal data through an intellectual property and contract law lens, is it possible to construct a legal framework upon which post-mortem personal data ownership or control can be based on? based on the legal examination done in this study, there is no singular answer to the question of ownership or control of post-mortem personal data, as it appears that the same requires further regulation for anyone to be able to supply a definite answer. It is an area of law that is arguably still in its nascency despite of its subject matter—personal data—being one of the most significantly researched legal concepts of today. Through intellectual property and contract law, the study explored the possibility of how post-mortem personal data can be regulated, yet despite of this, without an overarching regulatory framework that decides how the same should be regulated, only the theoretical can be the answer to these queries.
Geir, Ulfstein, & Tr?mborg, Martin, Adrian Cyril
(2025).
The Prohibition against Supplying War Material to Belligerents in the 1907 Hague Convention XIII in Contemporary International Law – The Legal Case of Assisting Victims of Aggression.
Universitetet i Oslo.
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