Workshop 27 February 2025

List of people who will participate at workshop for convergence environments. Will be updated.

Open life sciences

Name Research topic(s) of interest and/or competence

Title or short description (2-3 sentences) of initial project idea

Luiza ANGHELUTA-BAUER

Physical modelling of biological systems, Complex systems, Active matter, Biophysics

 
Melinka Butenko

Signalling systems, toxins, structural biology, peptide activity, plant pathogen interactions.

 

Stig Ove B?e

Advanced light microscopy, cell migration, tissue dynamics, biomechanics, active matter physics, developmental biology, tissue regeneration

Bridging Active Matter Physics with Gene Regulation and Biological Evolution

Anna Chaimani

evidence synthesis, comparative effectiveness research, networks of studies, complex interventions, sparse data, automation tools, knowledge translation

Development of new methods and software that will allow a) integrating data from diverse sources to reduce waste in research, b) taking into account societal and environmental factors in healthcare, c) promoting accessibility, transparency and open science.

Athanasios Chatzitakis

microbial proteins, solar foods, CO2 capture and utilization, green hydrogen production, bio-hybrid energy conversion systems

CO2-containing industrial waste gasses and green hydrogen from water photoelectrolysis are converted to proteins through bioengineered microbial cultures with no additional lands needs. To achieve this goal a socially placed bio-hybrid energy conversion system is proposed. The following disciplines must be converged to ensure the applicability of this groundbreaking system/approach: electrochemistry, semiconductors physics, biochemistry and biotechnology, engineering and social sciences.

Rafal Ciosk

cellular dormancy, suspended animation, neuroprotection, longevity, gene regulation, C. elegans

 

Alexandre Corthay

Cancer immunotherapy, immunology, macrophages, T cells, tumor on chip, cell biology

Development of novel strategies for cancer immunotherapy. T cell-based immunotherapies have revolutionized cancer treatment, but most patients with advanced cancer do not respond to current treatments or relapse. We propose to develop alternative strategies for cancer immunotherapy by taking advantage of other types of immune cells with anti-cancer activity such as macrophages. The ability of macrophages to eliminate invading bacteria may potentially be used to fight cancer, and vice versa.

Svend Davanger

Brain lipids, Synapse, Nutrition, Cognitive health

Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Brain Health: Converging Nutritional Science, Molecular Medicine, and Neurobiology for Cognitive Aging

Dag Kristian Dysthe

mechanobiology, cellular and tissue motion, mechanics and dynamics, morphogenesis, sports physiology and biomechanics, novel imaging methods, traditional and AI-based image analysis, biosensor data collection and modeling.

 

Camila Esguerra

disease models, drug discovery, drug and environmental toxicology, rare diseases

in vivo exposome biology - identifying molecular triggers and pathways that trigger disease and progression

Anders Martin Fjell

Lifespan; Brain development and aging; Aging; Brain disease

Determinant of brain health and cognition - societal, genetic and behavioral moderators

Yael Friedman

Philosophy of medicine; Philosophy of science in practice.

Knowledge gaps and epistemic injustice in medical research.

Osman Gani

Computer-aided drug design (CADD). Molecular Modeling

 

Victor Greiff

Immunology

 

Gunnveig Gr?deland

Pandemics, viruses, vaccines

Modeling of viral spread by digital twins, factoring in vaccine efficay

Johannes Espolin Roksund Hov

Liver/biliary disease. Microbiome. Metabolomics. Gnotobiotic mouse models. Clinical biomarkers. Clinical trials.

 

Marit Inngjerdingen

Extracellular vesicles, immunology, intestinal organoids, pharmacology, nanotherapy

 

Kjetill S Jakobsen

comparative genomics, biodiversity genomics, cell and molecular biology, environmental biology

A One Health perspective on the ecological crisis in the Oslofjord - a transdisciplinary collaboration between OUS/Medical Faculty and MN Faculty in LVB

Finn-Eirik Johansen

vertebrate immunology, aquaculture

Comparative studies of immune responses in mammals, fish and fish with evoutionary losses of immune genes important for function of the mammalian adaptive immune system (e.g. MHC class II locus lost in Atlantic cod). An emphasis on evolution of antibody responses in vaccinated (or infected) induviduals (i.e. days and weeks) as well as in evolutionary time (million years), by comparison between species.

Emma L?ng

Main interests: wound healing, cancer progression, tissue development, and inflammatory skin disorders. Main expertise: Cell- and molecular biology, advanced light microscopy, and computer-based image analyses.

We combine experimental cell biology, mathematical modeling, and physical theory to explore cellular dynamics and uncover mechanisms that can improve health and treatment regimens. With expertise in advanced light microscopy - including live cell imaging, high-content imaging, and multiplex imaging - we aim to understand cellular mechanisms to determine the best ways to manipulate or stimulate impaired processes in disease contexts, ultimately enhancing therapeutic outcomes. Our work bridges basic science with clinical applications, addressing challenges in health and disease.

Ingvild Garmo Nilsson

microbial proteins, solar foods, CO2 capture and utilization, green hydrogen production, bio-hybrid energy conversion systems

 

Terje N?rland

Child development, Translational research, Brain development, Autism spectrum disorders, Language, Social function, Genetics, immunology, Etichs in biological research.

Normal and abnormal development. Our K.G. Jebsen centre on neurodevelopmental disorders have access to substantial amount of clinical and biological data on normal and abnormal development from infancy to adult. The centre is already highly interdisiplanary but a convergence cente could add more emphasis on research in language, history, social aspects and ethics.

John N. Parker

I am a sociologist of science with expertise in how to best create the kinds of organizations, groups, and social interactions that best facilitate creative interdisciplinary research. My interest is in joining a team to help them plan how they might best organize themselves for interdisciplinary success.

 

Cinzia Progida

Intracellular traffic, organelle homeostasis, cell migration, mechanobiology

 
Simon Rayner

Precision Health, Science and Society

With the growth of misinformation, there is growing mistrust in science. I would like to integrate data from social media with metrics from scientific publications to investigate the interactions between science and society. For example, which scientific publications generate the most interest on social media? Which ones are associated with positive discussions?which ones are most misrepresented.?This would be a good opportunity for collaborations involving clinicians, life scientist and social sciences

Judith Reindl

Radiotherapy, Radiation protection, Radiobiology, Accelerator physics

 

jerome ruzzin

* Sarcopenia / skeletal muscle aging * Environmental pollutants and their impacts on metabolic diseases * Cancer cachexia We perform basic research studies (molecular biology)

No concrete project idea right now, but should be on thematic related to * Sarcopenia / skeletal muscle aging * Environmental pollutants and their impacts on metabolic diseases * Cancer cachexia

Janna Saarela

Rare diseases, Genetics, primary immune deficiencies, inborn errors of immunity, neuroimmunology

From variant to function. Improving understanding of how human coding and non-coding variants contribute to molecular, cellular and organismal phenotypes, particularly in immune system.

Fahri Saatcioglu

Molecular and cell biology of stress signaling, Cancer biology - mechanisms, identification of biomarkers and novel therapies, Physiological and molecular/cell biological effects of mind/body practices

Center for stress research

Biswa Sahu

Cancer epigenetics, gene expression control, enhancer malfunction and epigenome reprogramming by transcription factors, next-generation sequencing and single cell multomics

Understand the role of non-genetic mechanisms such as enhancer and epigenome reprogramming in cancer initiation, progression, metastasis and treatment resistance. Using high resolution enhancer landscapes in accessible chromatin and gene expression data from single cell analysis.

Geir Kjetil Sandve

Global health, AI, climate resilience, early warning

Several ideas at this stage, including "Early warning and decision support for cost-effective reponse to climate-influenced health impacts". Using machine learning/AI to learn how to forecast climate-sensitive disease incidence as part of early warning and response systems, perhaps including a focus on cost effectiveness as part of decision support. Also include socio-technical aspects.

Olav Skarpaas

Biodiversity, ecology, biogeography, spatial modelling, ecological climatology, population biology, experimental ecology, urban ecology, conservation biology, invasive species

Statistical ecology; biodiversity monitoring and management

Dagim Tadele

Cancer drug discovery, Drug resistance, Game theory, Data analysis

Understanding of immune-healthy-cancer dynamics on 3D spheroids.

Magne Thoresen

Precision nutrition; Machine learning for small data; Data integration; Biomarker discovery; Statistical variable selection

 

Stine Marie Ulven

Precision nutrition, omics technologies, dietary interventions

I am part of Magne Thoresen's project idea regarding Precision nutrition

 

One health

Name Research topic(s) of interest and/or competence

Title or short description (2-3 sentences) of initial project idea

Luiza ANGHELUTA-BAUER

Physical modelling of biological systems, Complex systems, Active matter, Biophysics

 

Lorena Arranz

Stem cells, stem cell niches, cancer, development

The project focusses on women fertility from various innovative angles.

Stig Ove B?e

Advanced light microscopy, cell migration, tissue dynamics, biomechanics, active matter physics, developmental biology, tissue regeneration

Bridging Active Matter Physics with Gene Regulation and Biological Evolution

Anna Chaimani

evidence synthesis, comparative effectiveness research, networks of studies, complex interventions, sparse data, automation tools, knowledge translation

Development of new methods and software that will allow a) integrating data from diverse sources to reduce waste in research, b) taking into account societal and environmental factors in healthcare, c) promoting accessibility, transparency and open science.

Alexandre Corthay

Cancer immunotherapy, immunology, macrophages, T cells, tumor on chip, cell biology

Development of novel strategies for cancer immunotherapy. T cell-based immunotherapies have revolutionized cancer treatment, but most patients with advanced cancer do not respond to current treatments or relapse. We propose to develop alternative strategies for cancer immunotherapy by taking advantage of other types of immune cells with anti-cancer activity such as macrophages. The ability of macrophages to eliminate invading bacteria may potentially be used to fight cancer, and vice versa.

Camila Esguerra

disease models, drug discovery, drug and environmental toxicology, rare diseases

in vivo exposome biology - identifying molecular triggers and pathways that trigger disease and progression

Yael Friedman

Philosophy of medicine; Philosophy of science in practice.

Knowledge gaps and epistemic injustice in medical research.

Paul Wenzel Geissler

toxicology, environmental pollution, environmental health, occupational health Africa agriculture, agrochemicals, pesticides

 

Gunnveig Gr?deland

Pandemics, viruses, vaccines

Modeling of viral spread by digital twins, factoring in vaccine efficay

H?vard Haugen

material-bacteria adhesion, sustainable materials, patient care

material-bacteria adhesion, sustainable materials, patient care

Johannes Espolin Roksund Hov

Liver/biliary disease. Microbiome. Metabolomics. Gnotobiotic mouse models. Clinical biomarkers. Clinical trials.

 

Rene Huster

Cognition, Cognitive electrophysiology, MR imaging, Sleep

 

Ketil Hylland

Marine ecology, Ecotoxicology

One health in a toxic world: consequences for ecosystems, biodiversity and human health

Kari Tvete Inngjerdingen

Immunomodulating polysaccharides, medicinal plants, gut microbiota, prebiotics

 

Marit Inngjerdingen

Extracellular vesicles, immunology, intestinal organoids, pharmacology, nanotherapy

 

Kjetill S Jakobsen

comparative genomics, biodiversity genomics, cell and molecular biology, environmental biology

A One Health perspective on the ecological crisis in the Oslofjord - a transdisciplinary collaboration between OUS/Medical Faculty and MN Faculty in LVB

Sandip Kanse

Inflammation, Innate immunity, Stroke, Thrombosis, Vascular biology, Organoids, Risk factors, Treatment Animal models, Proteases, Biochemistry

 

S. Petter Lyngstadaas

quality of life in dentistry, tooth loss, biomaterials, periodontology

 
John N. Parker

I am a sociologist of science with expertise in how to best create the kinds of organizations, groups, and social interactions that best facilitate creative interdisciplinary research. My interest is in joining a team to help them plan how they might best organize themselves for interdisciplinary success.

 

Fernanda Cristina Petersen

Resistome, microbiome, AMR

This project idea is to focus on harnessing the potential of microbiota modulation to combat antimicrobial resistance (AMR) within the framework of the One Health approach. By leveraging interventions such as probiotics, prebiotics, and microbiome-targeted therapies, we aim to restore microbial balance and reduce the spread of resistant pathogens across humans, animals, and the environment.

Simon Rayner

Precision Health, Science and Society

With the growth of misinformation, there is growing mistrust in science. I would like to integrate data from social media with metrics from scientific publications to investigate the interactions between science and society. For example, which scientific publications generate the most interest on social media? Which ones are associated with positive discussions?which ones are most misrepresented.?This would be a good opportunity for collaborations involving clinicians, life scientist and social sciences

Judith Reindl

Radiotherapy, Radiation protection, Radiobiology, Accelerator physics

 

jerome ruzzin

* Sarcopenia / skeletal muscle aging * Environmental pollutants and their impacts on metabolic diseases * Cancer cachexia We perform basic research studies (molecular biology)

No concrete project idea right now, but should be on thematic related to * Sarcopenia / skeletal muscle aging * Environmental pollutants and their impacts on metabolic diseases * Cancer cachexia

Janna Saarela

Rare diseases, Genetics, primary immune deficiencies, inborn errors of immunity, neuroimmunology

From variant to function. Improving understanding of how human coding and non-coding variants contribute to molecular, cellular and organismal phenotypes, particularly in immune system.

Biswa Sahu

Cancer epigenetics, gene expression control, enhancer malfunction and epigenome reprogramming by transcription factors, next-generation sequencing and single cell multomics

Understand the role of non-genetic mechanisms such as enhancer and epigenome reprogramming in cancer initiation, progression, metastasis and treatment resistance. Using high resolution enhancer landscapes in accessible chromatin and gene expression data from single cell analysis.

Geir Kjetil Sandve

Global health, AI, climate resilience, early warning

Several ideas at this stage, including "Early warning and decision support for cost-effective reponse to climate-influenced health impacts". Using machine learning/AI to learn how to forecast climate-sensitive disease incidence as part of early warning and response systems, perhaps including a focus on cost effectiveness as part of decision support. Also include socio-technical aspects.

Bano Singh

1. Innovative treatment of patients who lose their sense of smell and/or taste due to different causes. 2. Innovative treatment of patients with oral burning sensation. 3. Understanding how brain processes smell, taste and oral pain.

 
Dagim Tadele

Cancer drug discovery, Drug resistance, Game theory, Data analysis

Understanding of immune-healthy-cancer dynamics on 3D spheroids.

Helle Wangensteen

Natural products, plants, biodiversity, microbiome

 

Hanne Winther-Larsen

Molecular microbiology, antimicrobial resistance, vaccine development, One health, animal health.

Antimicrobial resistance is one of the major global health threats. Our research groups is interested in approaching this problem on different ways from to understand basic biological mechanisms to drug use and new antimicrobial strategies.

     

 

A sustainable life span

Name Research topic(s) of interest and/or competence

Title or short description (2-3 sentences) of initial project idea

Luiza ANGHELUTA-BAUER

Physical modelling of biological systems, Complex systems, Active matter, Biophysics

 

Lorena Arranz

Stem cells, stem cell niches, cancer, development

The project focusses on women fertility from various innovative angles.

Athanasios Chatzitakis

microbial proteins, solar foods, CO2 capture and utilization, green hydrogen production, bio-hybrid energy conversion systems

CO2-containing industrial waste gasses and green hydrogen from water photoelectrolysis are converted to proteins through bioengineered microbial cultures with no additional lands needs. To achieve this goal a socially placed bio-hybrid energy conversion system is proposed. The following disciplines must be converged to ensure the applicability of this groundbreaking system/approach: electrochemistry, semiconductors physics, biochemistry and biotechnology, engineering and social sciences.

Rafal Ciosk

cellular dormancy, suspended animation, neuroprotection, longevity, gene regulation, C. elegans

 

Alexandre Corthay

Cancer immunotherapy, immunology, macrophages, T cells, tumor on chip, cell biology

Development of novel strategies for cancer immunotherapy. T cell-based immunotherapies have revolutionized cancer treatment, but most patients with advanced cancer do not respond to current treatments or relapse. We propose to develop alternative strategies for cancer immunotherapy by taking advantage of other types of immune cells with anti-cancer activity such as macrophages. The ability of macrophages to eliminate invading bacteria may potentially be used to fight cancer, and vice versa.

Diana Domanska

Ageing, Machine learning, AI, multi omics, longitudinal data

Healthy ageing – Prevention is better than cure. Using clinical data and biomaterial we want to define signatures in the general population that characterises ageing driven DNA damage.

Camila Esguerra

disease models, drug discovery, drug and environmental toxicology, rare diseases

in vivo exposome biology - identifying molecular triggers and pathways that trigger disease and progression

Anders Martin Fjell

Lifespan; Brain development and aging; Aging; Brain disease

Determinant of brain health and cognition - societal, genetic and behavioral moderators

Osman Gani

Computer-aided drug design (CADD). Molecular Modeling

 

Johannes Espolin Roksund Hov

Liver/biliary disease. Microbiome. Metabolomics. Gnotobiotic mouse models. Clinical biomarkers. Clinical trials.

 

Rene Huster

Cognition, Cognitive electrophysiology, MR imaging, Sleep

 
Erik Knain

Open schooling collaboration, transformative change, Oslofjorden environmental crisis, knowledge co-creation and adaptation for action

Life science, education and arts for transformative change (LifeArts) aims to create and investigate the conditions and resources necessary for bridging the gaps between knowledge and transformative action towards sustainability through interdisciplinary, inter-sectoral social innovation. LifeArts will build on existing partnerships exploring the use of expressions of art and art processes to explore future thinking, narratives of change, and humans ability to make sense. Shapes of knowledge will be analyzed as representational means across time and settings as traces of learning and emergent knowledge and new practices. The open schooling collaboration is built around the urgent need to address the environmental crises in the Oslofjord.

S. Petter Lyngstadaas

quality of life in dentistry, tooth loss, biomaterials, periodontology

 

Hilde Loge Nilsen

Ageing, Machine learnring, AI, Multi-omics data, Longitudinal, Age-related diseases

Age is the primary cause and risk factor for the majority of diseases, slowing down aging has huge personal and societal benefits by minimizing the disease burden that comes with aging process. We aim to develop a framework for personalised healthy aging interventions using machine-learrning to intergrate longitudinal clinical data and multiomic data.

Ingvild Garmo Nilsson

microbial proteins, solar foods, CO2 capture and utilization, green hydrogen production, bio-hybrid energy conversion systems

 

Hedvig Nordeng

Real-World Data, Pharmacoepidemiology, Pharmacology, Women's health, Pregnancy, Neurosciences

Norway is home to some of the world's most comprehensive and well-maintained health care registries. These registries contain valuable data on patient demographics, diagnoses, treatments, and outcomes, and represent a tremendous opportunity for researchers to gain insight into the effectiveness and safety of pharmaceuticals for patients in real-world settings. A convergence environment would have the potential to improving accessibility, interoperability and efficiency of Norwegian health care data for health research, education and innovation.

John N. Parker

I am a sociologist of science with expertise in how to best create the kinds of organizations, groups, and social interactions that best facilitate creative interdisciplinary research. My interest is in joining a team to help them plan how they might best organize themselves for interdisciplinary success.

 

Judith Reindl

Radiotherapy, Radiation protection, Radiobiology, Accelerator physics

 

jerome ruzzin

* Sarcopenia / skeletal muscle aging * Environmental pollutants and their impacts on metabolic diseases * Cancer cachexia We perform basic research studies (molecular biology)

No concrete project idea right now, but should be on thematic related to * Sarcopenia / skeletal muscle aging * Environmental pollutants and their impacts on metabolic diseases * Cancer cachexia

Janna Saarela

Rare diseases, Genetics, primary immune deficiencies, inborn errors of immunity, neuroimmunology

From variant to function. Improving understanding of how human coding and non-coding variants contribute to molecular, cellular and organismal phenotypes, particularly in immune system.

Fahri Saatcioglu

Molecular and cell biology of stress signaling, Cancer biology - mechanisms, identification of biomarkers and novel therapies, Physiological and molecular/cell biological effects of mind/body practices

Center for stress research

Bano Singh

1. Innovative treatment of patients who lose their sense of smell and/or taste due to different causes. 2. Innovative treatment of patients with oral burning sensation. 3. Understanding how brain processes smell, taste and oral pain.

 

Hanne Winther-Larsen

Molecular microbiology, antimicrobial resistance, vaccine development, One health, animal health.

Antimicrobial resistance is one of the major global health threats. Our research groups is interested in approaching this problem on different ways from to understand basic biological mechanisms to drug use and new antimicrobial strategies.

     

 

Biodiversity

Name Research topic(s) of interest and/or competence

Title or short description (2-3 sentences) of initial project idea

Luiza ANGHELUTA-BAUER

Physical modelling of biological systems, Complex systems, Active matter, Biophysics

 

Alexandre Corthay

Cancer immunotherapy, immunology, macrophages, T cells, tumor on chip, cell biology

Development of novel strategies for cancer immunotherapy. T cell-based immunotherapies have revolutionized cancer treatment, but most patients with advanced cancer do not respond to current treatments or relapse. We propose to develop alternative strategies for cancer immunotherapy by taking advantage of other types of immune cells with anti-cancer activity such as macrophages. The ability of macrophages to eliminate invading bacteria may potentially be used to fight cancer, and vice versa.

Torbj?rn Ergon

Statistical ecology (hierarchical state-space modelling, spatio-temporal models, causal inference), demography, life-history theory, evolutionary responses, quantitative genetics, species interactions, population dynamics, epidemiology, biodiversity, monitoring, management, decision theory.

Statistical ecology; biodiversity monitoring and management

Camila Esguerra

disease models, drug discovery, drug and environmental toxicology, rare diseases

in vivo exposome biology - identifying molecular triggers and pathways that trigger disease and progression

Johannes Espolin Roksund Hov

Liver/biliary disease. Microbiome. Metabolomics. Gnotobiotic mouse models. Clinical biomarkers. Clinical trials.

 

Ketil Hylland

Marine ecology, Ecotoxicology

One health in a toxic world: consequences for ecosystems, biodiversity and human health

Kari Tvete Inngjerdingen

Immunomodulating polysaccharides, medicinal plants, gut microbiota, prebiotics

 

Kjetill S Jakobsen

comparative genomics, biodiversity genomics, cell and molecular biology, environmental biology

A One Health perspective on the ecological crisis in the Oslofjord - a transdisciplinary collaboration between OUS/Medical Faculty and MN Faculty in LVB

Erik Knain

Open schooling collaboration, transformative change, Oslofjorden environmental crisis, knowledge co-creation and adaptation for action

Life science, education and arts for transformative change (LifeArts) aims to create and investigate the conditions and resources necessary for bridging the gaps between knowledge and transformative action towards sustainability through interdisciplinary, inter-sectoral social innovation. LifeArts will build on existing partnerships exploring the use of expressions of art and art processes to explore future thinking, narratives of change, and humans ability to make sense. Shapes of knowledge will be analyzed as representational means across time and settings as traces of learning and emergent knowledge and new practices. The open schooling collaboration is built around the urgent need to address the environmental crises in the Oslofjord.

S. Petter Lyngstadaas

quality of life in dentistry, tooth loss, biomaterials, periodontology

 
John N. Parker

I am a sociologist of science with expertise in how to best create the kinds of organizations, groups, and social interactions that best facilitate creative interdisciplinary research. My interest is in joining a team to help them plan how they might best organize themselves for interdisciplinary success.

 
Simon Rayner

Precision Health, Science and Society

With the growth of misinformation, there is growing mistrust in science. I would like to integrate data from social media with metrics from scientific publications to investigate the interactions between science and society. For example, which scientific publications generate the most interest on social media? Which ones are associated with positive discussions?which ones are most misrepresented.?This would be a good opportunity for collaborations involving clinicians, life scientist and social sciences

Geir Kjetil Sandve

Global health, AI, climate resilience, early warning

Several ideas at this stage, including "Early warning and decision support for cost-effective reponse to climate-influenced health impacts". Using machine learning/AI to learn how to forecast climate-sensitive disease incidence as part of early warning and response systems, perhaps including a focus on cost effectiveness as part of decision support. Also include socio-technical aspects.

Olav Skarpaas

Biodiversity, ecology, biogeography, spatial modelling, ecological climatology, population biology, experimental ecology, urban ecology, conservation biology, invasive species

Statistical ecology; biodiversity monitoring and management

Helle Wangensteen

Natural products, plants, biodiversity, microbiome

 
     

 

No topic specified

Name Research topic(s) of interest and/or competence

Title or short description (2-3 sentences) of initial project idea

Paul Wenzel Geissler

toxicology, environmental pollution, environmental health, occupational health Africa agriculture, agrochemicals, pesticides

 
J?rgen Sugar

Neuroscience, Memory

Attention is important for memory. How is attention formed in the brain and how is it used to successfully form memories? My idea is to record neural data in humans while they perform a memory task that is highly dependent on attention.